tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23198522598747159932024-03-13T01:33:56.048-07:00Ancient African Writing Systems and KnowledgeBlog discussing the ancient writing systems created by Black/African people in ancient times throughout the world.Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.comBlogger388125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-53979363062744830622023-04-23T15:56:00.003-07:002023-04-23T15:56:59.379-07:00 It is false to claim that Egyptian haplogroups are of Eurasian origin<p> </p><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Recent population genetics articles indicate that many of the haplogroups we associate with Europeans and Middle Easterners were first carried by African or Negro people. This results from the fact that the first homo sapien sapiens had migrated from Africa into Europe. These Negro Civilizations in Europe were: Aurignacian, Gravettian (31-26 ka ), Solutrean ( Spain and France c23-31ka), Magdalenian (France,Germany and Poland 18-15ka), Epigravettian (17-13ka) and the Neolithic (11-5ka). Posth et al (2023) argue that the genome carried by the : Aurignacian(44-31 ka) , Gravettian (31-26 ka ), Solutrean ( Spain and France c23-31ka), Magdalenian (France,Germany and Poland 18-15ka), Epigravettian (17-13ka) and the Neolithic (11-5ka) mtDNA haplogroups U2,U4 and R1b and Y-Chromosome haplogroups Q,R, and J. The population associated with these cultures, based on craniometric measurements were Negroes/African who migrated into Europe from Africa.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Numerous Sub-Saharan skeletons found in Europe (Boule, M., HV Vallois, 1957; Barral,L. & Charles,R.P. ,1963; Caramelli,D.,Lalueza-Fox,C et al, 2003;Verneaux,R.,1926; Diop,A.1974, 1991) . The Aurignacians and the early European farmers fail to share haplogroups found among contemporary Europeans. Ancient DNA found in the ancient skeletons dating back to the Aurignacian period belong to the N haplogroup (Brace, C.L. , Noriko Seguchi, Conrad B.et al, 2006).</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">The archaeological and craniometric measurements show that the Solutreans were Africans, namely Bushmen or Khoisan. The Aurignacian civilization was founded by the Cro-Magnon people who originated in Africa. They took this culture to Western Europe across the Straits of Gibraltar. The Cro-Magnon people were probably Bushman/Khoi. These Europeans were Negroes.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">There have been numerous "Negroid skeletons" found in Europe. Marcellin Boule and Henri Vallois, in Fossil Man, provide an entire chapter on the Africans/Negroes of Europe Anta Diop also discussed the Negroes of Europe in Civilization or Barbarism, pp.25-68. Also W.E. B. DuBois, discussed these Negroes in the The World and Africa, pp.86-89. DuBois noted that "There was once an "uninterrupted belt' of Negro culture from Central Europe to South Africa" (p.88).</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">The Aurignacian civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in Europe. It dates back to 46,000 years ybp (Demidenko Y.E., Otte M. & Noiret P. (2012) . This is false the earliest sites for Aurignacian are found in Spain. The radio carbon dates for Bugalria, i.e., the Kozarnika Cave, date back to 39-36kya. Earlier researchers claimed that the artifactual material found at the Bacho Kiro cave, dating to 46kya was Aurignacian, but the remains that consist of a pair of fragmented human jaws, is disputed and researchers don’t know whether these were early humans Homo sapiens or Neanderthals.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">The first Aurignacians in the Levant date back to 36-34kya from Ksar Akil. The oldest Aurignacian remains come from Iberia/Spain. These sites vary in age from 41kya for the l'Arbreda Cave, and 43kya for Abric Romani, located in Catalonia, Spain.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">The dates for the Aurignacian in Europe make it clear this culture spread from west to east. You can also recognize that Aurignacian appears not to have reached the Levant, until 11ky after it was established in Spain.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">These dates for sites where amh were found in Western Europe make it impossible for claims of U6, M1 and etc., originating prior to 32kya in the Levant and entering Africa via a back migration 40kya.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Many researchers believe that the Aurignacian culture entered Europe from the Levant. Although this view has been accepted without challenge, the archaeological evidence indicates that AMH replaced Neanderthal during the Aurignacian period in Europe around 32-35kya (4). It is also evident that archaic humans were replaced in much of the Levant by the Levantine Aurignacian culture bearers by a local variant of the technology at Ksar Akil Xlll-Vll 32kya , not 60-50kya(4-6 ) as assumed by many researchers..</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">The research indicates that this view is false. The archaeological evidence makes it clear that ‘classic Aurignacian’ began in Iberia and expanded eastward across Europe ( Boule, M., HV Vallois, 1957; Barral,L. & Charles,R.P. ,1963; Caramelli,D.,Lalueza-Fox,C et al, 2003;Verneaux,R.,1926; Diop,A.1974, 1991).</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">The Aurignacian civilization appears to have expanded from West to East (Diop,1974). The founders of this culture came from Africa (Boule and Vallois, 1957). Some researchers have argued that the Aurignacian culture was introduced to Europe(Bordes,1972 ; Lindly et al, 1990). They based this conclusion on the fact that its tool kit was foreign to the Mousterian type, and the culture appears in a mature form throughout Europe from France to Central Europe ( Mellars, 1992,2006; and Bordes, 1972 ).</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">The craniofacial evidence makes it clear that the Levantines and Aurignacian population came from Africa (Boule, M., HV Vallois, 1957; Barral,L. & Charles,R.P. ,1963; Caramelli,D.,Lalueza-Fox,C et al, 2003;Verneaux,R.,1926; Diop,A.1974, 1991). As a result we find that craniofacial features of the Grimaldi-Cro-Magnon population(8) and especially the Natufian populations when plotted fall within the range of Sub-Saharan populations like the Niger-Congo speakers ( Brace,2006) .</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"><br />Solutrean</b><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Many researchers have recognized that the Solutrean culture of Iberia probably originated in Africa(Burkitt, 2012; Childe, 2001; Debenath et al.,1986; Debenath and Dibble, 1994; Tiffagom, 2007). It is the mainstream view of Spanish prehistorians that the Solutrean culture originated in Africa (Pericot,1950). Boule and Vallois (1957) noted that ancient tool kits found in South African burials along the coast are associated with the Solutrean industry.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Pericot (1950, 1955) believed that the tanged points at the Parpallo site of the Solutrean were of Aterian cultural origin. Burkitt (2012) said that there were Algerian tools similar to the Solutrean tool kit. Gordon Childe (2009) claimed that the North African and Spanish populations that used the Solutrean tools were in direct communication. By the 1960’s, though, Smith (54) was able to reject the hypothesis of an African origin for the Solutrean culture.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Boule and Vallois in , Fossil men : elements of human palaeontology, noted that "We know now that the ethnography of South African tribes presents many striking similarities with the ethnography of our populations of the Reindeer Age. Not to speak of their stone implements which, as we shall see later , exhibit great similarities, Peringuey has told us that in certain burials on the South African coast 'associated with the Aurignacian or Solutrean type industry...."(p.318-319). They add, that in relation to Bushman art " This almost uninterrupted series leads us to regard the African continent as a centre of important migrations which at certain times may have played a great part in the stocking of Southern Europe. Finally, we must not forget that the Grimaldi Negroid skeletons sho many points of resemblance with the Bushman skeletons". They bear no less a resemblance to that of the fossil Man discovered at Asslar in mid-Sahara, whose characters led us to class him with the Hottentot-Bushman group.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Posth et al (2023) explains that Gravettian Culture was a Pan-European culture that represented a “biologically homogeneous population on the basis of craniometric ( which I have illustrated prove they were Negroes/Africans) and genomomic data during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Posth et al (2023) illustrates that Gravettian Culture was widespread and made up primarily of Goyet Q2 and Villabrium R1 ancestry.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Posth et al (2023) genomic data made it clear that the Blacks who belonged to the Gravettian Culture carried mtDNA haplogroups U2,U4 and R1b and Y-Chromosome haplogroups Q,R, and J (p.122). Posth et al (2032), explained that the Western hunter-gather (WHG) population belonged to Villabruna ancestry, while the Eastern hunter-gathers (EHG) ancestry was haplogroup Q.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">In summary, the first modern homo sapiens came to Europe from Africa as pointed out by Boule and , DuBois and Diop make it clear the craniometric data indicated this population was Negro or African. These populations founded the Negro Civilizations in Europe that included: Aurignacian(44-31 ka) , Gravettian (31-26 ka ), Solutrean ( Spain and France c23-31ka), Magdalenian (France,Germany and Poland 18-15ka), Epigravettian (17-13ka) and the Neolithic (11-5ka).</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Since thefist populations in Europe that came from Africa carried mtDNA haplogroups U2,U4 and R1b and Y-Chromosome haplogroups Q,R, and J, these haplogroups had probably first originated in Africa, instead of Europe. And as a result, mtDNA haplogroups U2,U4 and R1b and Y-Chromosome haplogroups Q,R, and J that appear in Egypt and Europe are of African, not Eurasian origin.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">References:</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Barral,L. & Charles,R.P. (1963) Nouvelles donnees anthropometriques et precision sue les affinities systematiques des negroides de Grimaldi, Bulletin du Musee d’anthropologie prehistorique de Monaco, No.10:123-139.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Brace, C.L. , Noriko Seguchi, Conrad B. Quintyn, Sherry C. Fox, A. Russell Nelson, Sotiris K. Manolis,** and Pan Qifeng. (2006). The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 January 3; 103(1): 242–247.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Brown, S.J. (2006). Neanderthals and modern humans in western Asia. 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Actes du II Congre`s Panafricain de PreHhistoire (Algiers), Paris.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Posth C, Yu H, Ghalichi A, Rougier H, Crevecoeur I, Huang Y, Ringbauer H, Rohrlach AB, Nägele K, Villalba-Mouco V, Radzeviciute R, Ferraz T, Stoessel A, Tukhbatova R, Drucker DG, Lari M, Modi A, Vai S, Saupe T E, Haak W, Krause J et al.(2023). Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers. Nature. 2023 Mar;615(7950):117-126. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0. Epub 2023 Mar 1. Erratum in: Nature. 2023 Mar 22;: PMID: 36859578; PMCID: PMC9977688. </span><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-05726-0" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-05726-0</a><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"></span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Steven,L.K. Stiner,M.C., Reese,D.S. & Gulec,E. (2001). Ornaments of the earliest Upper Paleolithic:New insights from the Levant. PNAS, 98(13):7641-7646.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Tiffagom M (2006). El Solutrense de facies ibérica o la cuestión de los contactos mediterráneos (Europa, África) (pp. 60-77), en el Último Máximo Glacial. In: Sanchidrián, J.L., Márquez, A.M., Fullola, J.M. (Eds.), IV Simposio de Prehistoria Cueva de Nerja. La Cuenca Mediterránea durante el Paleolítico Superior 38000-10000 años. Reunión de la VIII Comisión del Paleolítico Superior U.I.S.P. Fundación Cueva de Nerja. Nerja.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Verneaux,R.(1926). Les Origines de l’humanite. Paris: F. Riedder & Cie.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Winters C (2008). Aurignacian Culture: Evidence of Western Exit for Anatomically Modern Humans. South Asian Anthropologist 8 79-81.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Winters C (2010). The African Origin of mtDNA Haplogroup M1. Current Research Journal of</span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Biological Sciences 2(6) 380-389, Available: </span><a href="https://www.academia.edu/3036833/The_African_Origin_of_mtDNA_Haplogroup_M1" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/3036833/The_African_Origin_of_mtDNA_Haplogroup_M1</a><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"></span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Winters C (2011). The Gibraltar out of Africa Exit for Anatomically Modern Humans. WebmedCentral BIOLOGY 2, Available: </span><a href="http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/2311" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/2311</a><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"></span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Winters C (2014a). Were the First Europeans Pale or Dark Skinned? Advances in Anthropology 4 124-132, Available: </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aa.2014.43016" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aa.2014.43016</a><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"></span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Winters C (2014b). African and Dravidian origins of the Melanesians. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences 4(3) 694-704, Available: </span><a href="http://www.cibtech.org/J-LIFESCIENCES/PUBLICATIONS/2014/Vol-4-No-3/JLS-103-JLS-073-JUN-CLYDE-AFRICANMELANESIANS.pdf" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">http://www.cibtech.org/J-LIFESCIENCES/PUBLICATIONS/2014/Vol-4-No-3/JLS-103-JLS-073-JUN-CLYDE-AFRICANMELANESIANS.pdf</a><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"></span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Winters C (2015a). African origins of Paleoamerican DNA. CIBTech Journal of Microbiology 4(1) 13-18, Available: </span><a href="http://www.cibtech.org/J-Microbiology/PUBLICATIONS/2015/Vol-4-No-1/03-CJM-004-CLYDE-AFRICAN-DNA.pdf" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">http://www.cibtech.org/J-Microbiology/PUBLICATIONS/2015/Vol-4-No-1/03-CJM-004-CLYDE-AFRICAN-DNA.pdf</a><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"></span><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Winters C (2015b). Inference of Ancient Black Mexican Tribes and DNA. WebmedCentral GENETICS 6(3), Available: </span><a href="http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/4856" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/4856</a><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-36165985233204797592022-01-25T18:37:00.002-08:002022-01-25T18:37:46.571-08:00R1 haplogroup an ancestral genetic signature of East Asia<p> In addition to craniometric evidence we also have genetic evidence for the African origin of the Chinese.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> The genotype data provides clear evidence of the phylogenetic relationship of Africans and East Asians. It is clear that African derived haplogroups R1b1, E, DE and R1b1b2 are found in East Asia. Y-haplogroup is found among many Chinese Muslims or Huis.</p><p><br /></p><p>There is evidence of R1 in East Asia. Zhong et al (2011) reported a number of y-chromosome markers in East Asia including R1a1 (29.41%0, R1b* (3.2%), R1b1b2 (1.6%) and R2 (3.21%).</p><p><br /></p><p>It is interesting to note that Zong et al (2011) tested for the M335 marker which was first discovered in Turkey and classified as R1b. The M335 marker is a brother clade to R1b1* (M343+V88-M73-M269). This is interesting because R1b1* pursuant to ISOGG is R1b1 or V88.</p><p><br /></p><p>Reference:</p><p>Zhong H, Shi H, Qi XB, Duan ZY, Tan PP, Jin L, Su B, Ma RZ. Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route. Mol Biol Evol. 2011 Jan;28(1):717-27. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq247. Epub 2010 Sep 13. PMID: 20837606.</p>Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-4951666092899595772022-01-22T20:39:00.001-08:002022-01-22T20:39:28.361-08:00Anzick and Luzia People are related<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Posth et al (2017) in their genetic study noted that “ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Genome-wide analysis of 49 Central and South
Americans up to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>11,000 years old d Two
previously unknown genetic exchanges between North and South America d Distinct
link between a Clovis culture-associated genome and the oldest South Americans
d Continent-wide replacement of Clovis-associated ancestry beginning at least
9,000 years ago “. <o:p></o:p></p>
<br />
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXEFnLVfQ4ClB9LxJUkb5EKGWlYIxhVTd75ZUgyM2zbtOUL34jUXRP3jCKIm-_nUyuOSkmEweV_aiMNufvTnadgBqKnZXQn7VDaaWbmlzQ3jvT8FphfOkCB9kvvm0wpyORh-b1gyUEmQ9KnluTyXNO45x1TTzBj9xq2bD32smXN90wCAMXMDwfheQXpg=s464" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="464" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXEFnLVfQ4ClB9LxJUkb5EKGWlYIxhVTd75ZUgyM2zbtOUL34jUXRP3jCKIm-_nUyuOSkmEweV_aiMNufvTnadgBqKnZXQn7VDaaWbmlzQ3jvT8FphfOkCB9kvvm0wpyORh-b1gyUEmQ9KnluTyXNO45x1TTzBj9xq2bD32smXN90wCAMXMDwfheQXpg=s320" width="320" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some researchers have used this article to claim that the
Paleoamericans, the most ancient Native Americans are related to contemporary mongoloid
Indians. This view is false. Posth et al, in their study supported the view
that Anzick child and Luzia culture folk were related.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Posth et al (2018), did not make this finding. The
researchers reported that “<b><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">The oldest individuals in the dataset show
little specific allele sharing with present-day people.</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;"> For
example, a </span><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">∼</span><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">10,900 BP individual
from Chile (from the site of Los Rieles) shows only slight excess affinity to
later Southern Cone individuals. In Belize, individuals from two sites
dating to </span><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">∼</span><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">9,300 and </span><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">∼</span><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">7,400 BP (Mayahak Cab Pek and Saki Tzul) <b>do
not share significantly more alleles with present-day people from the region
near Belize than they do with present-day groups elsewhere in Central and South
America. In Brazil, genetic data from sites dating to </b></span><b><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">∼</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">9,600 BP (Lapa do Santo) and </span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">∼</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">6,700 BP (Laranjal) show no distinctive shared
ancestry with present-day Brazilians</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;"> (</span><a data-link="modal" data-locator="fig2" data-target="#image-S0092-8674(18)31380-1gr2" href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31380-1#fig2" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; color: #005789; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">Figures 2</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> and </span></span><a data-link="modal" data-locator="figs1" data-target="#image-S0092-8674(18)31380-1figs1" href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31380-1#figs1" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; color: #005789; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">S1</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">; </span></span><a href="https://www.cell.com/cms/10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027/attachment/9652ec97-f4f0-4279-b70f-e225fd42d6fa/mmc1" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background: white; color: #005789; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">Table S1</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">)”.. The authors added, “The distribution of this
statistic <i>f</i><sub>4</sub><i>(Mbuti</i>, <i>Test</i>; <i>USR1</i>, <i>Anzick-1</i>)
confirms <b>previous findings that <i>Anzick-1</i> relatedness is
greatest in Central and South Americans and lowest in North American groups” noted
that “(Posth et al, 2018).<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">As a result, there was no continuity between
Paleoamericans and modern Native Americans.</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #505050; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;"> Posth et al (2018) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>noted that “ However, the fact that the
great majority of ancestry of later South Americans lacks specific affinity to </span><em style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Anzick-1</span></em><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> <b>rules out the hypothesis of a homogeneous founding
population”.</b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Paleoamericans are related to Australians, Africans or
Melanesian, in other words a cranial morphology of the Negro/Black people.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This view was supported by the Posth et al (2018) who noted
that <b><i>” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our finding of no excess
allele sharing with non-Native American populations in the ancient samples is
also striking as many of these individuals—including those at Lapa do
Santo—have a “Paleoamerican” cranial morphology that has been suggested to be
evidence of the spread of a substructured population of at least two different
Native American source populations from Asia to the Americas”.<o:p></o:p></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Although, some researchers claim that the Paleoamericans
came from Asia, this finding is not supported by the genetic evidence that make
it clear that the oldest inhabtants of East Asia are not related to the
Paleoamericans. Posth et al (2018) wrote “<b>Our failure to find significant
evidence of Australasian or Paleolithic East Asian affinities in any
of the ancient Central and South American individuals raises
the question of what ancient populations could have contributed the <i>Population
Y</i> signal in <i>Surui</i> and other Amazonian groups and
increases the previously small chance that this signal—despite the strong
statistical evidence for it—was a false-positive.”.</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">References:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Posth C, Nakatsuka N, Lazaridi I, et al. (2018) Reconstructing
the Deep Population History of Central and South America. <a href="https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0092-8674%2818%2931380-1">https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0092-8674%2818%2931380-1</a><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-14460564954368064552022-01-22T20:29:00.000-08:002022-01-22T20:29:56.134-08:00Anzick DNA<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQ4d315D4xW0ydg5pff5g_nYRMlw6YLwzqc0nx2dTgCAzU0yczmqqnn7TFfKwSz0fvw9GwywrB8jYw-LKtIInXiVhJExw1gZXzzMqXpcUeaquMEyvybzVDU3Fq_y62LimGb-EzN4Xiyu3x7UQ0t6zbPrR0DLPvQf-nEDcguKFCFKomFx3MMzjfyMu3vA=s610" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="610" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQ4d315D4xW0ydg5pff5g_nYRMlw6YLwzqc0nx2dTgCAzU0yczmqqnn7TFfKwSz0fvw9GwywrB8jYw-LKtIInXiVhJExw1gZXzzMqXpcUeaquMEyvybzVDU3Fq_y62LimGb-EzN4Xiyu3x7UQ0t6zbPrR0DLPvQf-nEDcguKFCFKomFx3MMzjfyMu3vA=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Researchers often compare aDNA to modern groups. When DNAeXplained
– Genetic Genealogy compared Anzick boy DNA to modern groups they found it was
related to Y-hap R2. (<a href="https://dna-explained.com/2015/01/05/anzick-matching-update/">https://dna-explained.com/2015/01/05/anzick-matching-update/</a>
) the current Anzick kit, F999919, and found at 5cM and below
that there were 4 haplogroup M matches.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<br />
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhKSrcS6A0AlBlNaGCIYkRamZSNpa-lGQFlEKhw65bYIvdrRcD-5Y-ANY6xCGN6vbZ35cQC3iJAzJSuZWrQSVMxQJBCj6ocDIvLSCjq4IMk4ZGRVXQ35fMNZOtPtyLN4V_pPiIkXLuomhUQiOgFWrbhSWfNycVTdQBysfi7K6AJEEZqS2sg7AvN3iEM0g=s579" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="148" data-original-width="579" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhKSrcS6A0AlBlNaGCIYkRamZSNpa-lGQFlEKhw65bYIvdrRcD-5Y-ANY6xCGN6vbZ35cQC3iJAzJSuZWrQSVMxQJBCj6ocDIvLSCjq4IMk4ZGRVXQ35fMNZOtPtyLN4V_pPiIkXLuomhUQiOgFWrbhSWfNycVTdQBysfi7K6AJEEZqS2sg7AvN3iEM0g=w512-h131" width="512" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Note:<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Haplogroup R2, or R-M479, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup
characterized by genetic marker M479. It is one of two primary descendants of
Haplogroup R (R-M207), the other being R1 (R-M173).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">R-M479 has been concentrated geographically in South Asia
and Central Asia since prehistory. It appears to reach its highest levels among
the Burusho people in North Pakistan.[2] However, it also appears to be present
at low levels in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia and Europe.[citation needed]<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It has two primary branches: R2a (M124) and R2b (R-FGC21706).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Originally Chatters thought they were Europeans, since his
research into Naia he has come around. 12kya the paleoamericans carried the D
haplogroup, which in reality is really an M haplogroup, namely M1. This is
obvious when we look at the extract profile of Anzick man.<br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal">Anzick
Provisional Extract, Es Haplogroup M<br />
M – discovered in prehistoric sites, China Lake, British Columbia – 2007
Malhi, Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and
F999913<br />
<br />
M1a – Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and
F999913<br />
<br />
M1a1b – Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 M1a1b<br />
<br />
M1a1e – USA – Olivieri, many Eurasian in Genbank<br />
<br />
M1b1 – Anzick Pr ovisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912
and F999913<br />
<br />
M2a3 – Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 M2a3)<br />
<br />
M23 – Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and
F999913, Madagascar – Recaut and Debut, Madagascar Motif<br />
<br />
M3 – Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and
F999913<br />
<br />
M30c – Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and
F999913<br />
<br />
M30d1 – Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 M30d1)<br />
<br />
M51 – Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912 and
F999913<br />
<br />
M5b3e – Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912
and F999913<br />
<br />
M7b1’2 – Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912
and F999913, Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 – (1 M7b1’2)<br />
<br />
M9a3a – Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes, September 2014, kits F999912
and F999913tes January 2015 – (7 D with no subgroup<br />
<br />
Haplogroup D and M1 are just about the same as shown by the Anzick
extractions. See: <a href="http://dna-explained.com/2013/09/18/native-american-mitochondrial-haplogroups/" target="_blank">http://dna-explained.com/2013/09/18/native-american-mitochondrial-haplogroups/</a><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br />
As laymen we assume that when geneticist extract DNA, they automatically
determinw what haplogroup the ancient skeleton carried, but as you can see from
these provisional extractions the results are varied.<br />
<br />
A few years ago I made a blanket statement in an article that there were no M
haplogroups in America. One of the peer reviewers commented that there were M
haplogroups in the Americas, and this statement was false. I had not found any
literature on M groups in the Americas , so I was surprised to hear this. Some
propagandists are upset about the provisional Anzick data because it supports
the discovery of M at China Lake in Canada. Claiming the Native Americans
belong to the D clade, is just a way of denying the presence of haplogroup M in
the Americas.<br />
<br />
Archaeologist do not like to talk about the fact that M clades were carried by
Native Americans, because then you are able to link the paleoamericans and
later groups to Africa.<br />
<br />
See: <a href="http://dna-explained.com/2015/01/05/anzick-matching-update/" target="_blank">http://dna-explained.com/2015/01/05/anzick-matching-update/</a><br />
<br />
The paleoamericans, c. 25-10kya were Khoisan. The Khoisan introduced the
Solutrean culture into the Americas and Europe. The discovery of M haplogroups
in the Americas is further support for my theory that the Khoisan spread
L3(M,N) into Europe. See:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://maxwellsci.com/print/crjbs/v2-380-389.pdf" target="_blank">http://maxwellsci.com/print/crjbs/v2-380-389.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://bioresonline.org/archives/A130.pdf" target="_blank">http://bioresonline.org/archives/A130.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<br />
Looking at the Anzick extractions can show you how geneticist make the decision
on what group a population belongs too based on their own ideology.<br />
<br /><o:p></o:p></p><p>. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhKSrcS6A0AlBlNaGCIYkRamZSNpa-lGQFlEKhw65bYIvdrRcD-5Y-ANY6xCGN6vbZ35cQC3iJAzJSuZWrQSVMxQJBCj6ocDIvLSCjq4IMk4ZGRVXQ35fMNZOtPtyLN4V_pPiIkXLuomhUQiOgFWrbhSWfNycVTdQBysfi7K6AJEEZqS2sg7AvN3iEM0g=s579" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="148" data-original-width="579" height="82" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhKSrcS6A0AlBlNaGCIYkRamZSNpa-lGQFlEKhw65bYIvdrRcD-5Y-ANY6xCGN6vbZ35cQC3iJAzJSuZWrQSVMxQJBCj6ocDIvLSCjq4IMk4ZGRVXQ35fMNZOtPtyLN4V_pPiIkXLuomhUQiOgFWrbhSWfNycVTdQBysfi7K6AJEEZqS2sg7AvN3iEM0g=s320" width="320" /></a></div><br />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-76550026300378183732021-11-16T08:00:00.000-08:002021-11-16T08:00:17.021-08:00Munda cultures in India and Iran share features<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;">Shinde and Narasimhan et
al.: "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists
or Iranian Farmers" </span><a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(19)30967-5" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; transition: all 0.1s linear 0s; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; color: #0088cc; font-family: "Open Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(19)30967-5</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Shinde and Narasimhan study is
interesting because it maintains that based on human remains from Rakhigarhi
support the view that the largest <span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;">contributor to
the ancestry among South Asians is Iranian ancestry. “But this new study shows
that the lineage of Iranian-related ancestry in modern South Asians split from
ancient Iranian farmers, herders, and hunter-gatherers before they separated
from each other--that is, even before the invention of farming in the Fertile
Crescent”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-CQPaofCYrAA/YZPUQ2VFRLI/AAAAAAAAHAs/Us8QVKwK7y0G7N0e6_zQXt9rhqqNsjWsACLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1002" data-original-width="720" height="400" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-CQPaofCYrAA/YZPUQ2VFRLI/AAAAAAAAHAs/Us8QVKwK7y0G7N0e6_zQXt9rhqqNsjWsACLcBGAsYHQ/w287-h400/image.png" width="287" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
finding indicates that farming did not spread into South India from the Middle
East. "Ancestry like that in the IVC individuals is the primary ancestry
source in South Asia today," says Reich. "This finding ties people in
South Asia today directly to the Indus Valley Civilization."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;">This statement is false, because Rakhigarhi
was not an Indus Valley Civilization. This was a Munda civilization, the IVC
was founded by Dravidian speakers from the Nile Valley.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;">It is
not surprising that Southeast Asian hunterer-gatherers matched DNA from Iran
and Turkmenistan because the Munda people or negrito people like the Annamese. The
“little negroes”, like the Anu people
had spread from Africa into Eurasia after 10,000BC.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-kdiZv2ONksw/YZPU_5JRj-I/AAAAAAAAHA0/zuITaVmA7uYUFVH07l6WAFNYwLP5mH5RwCLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="628" height="400" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-kdiZv2ONksw/YZPU_5JRj-I/AAAAAAAAHA0/zuITaVmA7uYUFVH07l6WAFNYwLP5mH5RwCLcBGAsYHQ/w327-h400/image.png" width="327" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Mehrgarh and Rakhigarhi cultures are different from the
IVC civilization. These sites are in blue on the map. These cultures like the cemetery are near the Ghaggar -Hakra
River. These sites are pre-IVC the date back to 6000BC, 3500 years older than
the IVC sites. As a result, artifacts from the Mehrgarh (7000 BC), Bhirra (7500BC),
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Rakhigarhi (6000BC ) sites that are as
much as 3500 years older than sites and the artifacts from the IVC.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Archaeological and
linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians were the founders of the
Harappan culture which extended from the Indus Valley through northeastern
Afghanistan, on into Turkestan. The Harappan civilization existed from
2600-1700 B.C. The Harappan civilization was twice the size the Old Kingdom of
Egypt. In addition to trade relations with Mesopotamia and Iran, the Harappan
city states also had active trade relations with the Central Asian peoples.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fairservis makes it clear that early cultures of
Baluchistan are analogous to Early Dynastic Sumerian, this movement eastward of
the ancient Kushites led to the rise of the Indus cultures.The Sumerians, Mande
and Dravidians formerly belonged to the Maa Culture
The Dravidians in the
IVC made different figurines and made seals. The Dravidians in the IVC mainly
cultivated millet--not wheat.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Sumerians probably called the Indus Valley Dilmun.
Dilmun was a rich trade center that provided Sumer with many valuable trade
items.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-kdiZv2ONksw/YZPU_5JRj-I/AAAAAAAAHA0/zuITaVmA7uYUFVH07l6WAFNYwLP5mH5RwCLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="628" height="400" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-kdiZv2ONksw/YZPU_5JRj-I/AAAAAAAAHA0/zuITaVmA7uYUFVH07l6WAFNYwLP5mH5RwCLcBGAsYHQ/w327-h400/image.png" width="327" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Gondi were originally Munda speakers. The Gond community
is widespread because the ancestors of the people living in 8 states recognized
that IVC culture was superior to the original semi-farming culture the
Gondi had practiced since the Mehrgarh and Rakhigarhi cultures. The Tamil
introduced to the Gondi an agro-pastoral culture and literacy. The Munda
speakers today refused to abandon their original culture and adopt the new
cultural elements introduced to the Indus Valley by the Tamil. The art from
Mehrgarh and IVC show the connection between these people.</p><p class="MsoNormal">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mehgarh was a culture developed by the Munda people web page
.In the sub-continent of India, there were several main groups. The earliest
inhabitants of India were the Veddoid people, followed by the Negritos, Mongoloid,
the Kushite-Dravidians and finally Aryan speakers.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Negritos or Munda , Mongoloid and Africoid/
Mediterranean skeletal remains were all found at Harappan sites. The Munda or
Australoid people are a mixed group that combines the classical Mongoloid and
pygmy features. The speech of this Negrito group is believed to be Austric, a
specimen of this language survives in the Munda speech. The
Africoid/Mediterranean group is associated with Dravidian culture.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Negritos founded the earliest culture in the Indus at
Mehrgarh and Rakhigarhi in 6000 B.C. They had domesticated goats and sheep and
grew cereals, namely wheat. Find out more about munda in the following article:<a href="http://ispub.com/IJBA/4/2/5591?fbclid=IwAR2EGzJZFi5YG2AeVfi0goydAkOhsPGFYhEh4-6IzGmgadu4QRbVGSPn-s8" target="_blank"> http://ispub.com/IJBA/4/2/5591</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-20034215822073160962021-03-31T15:06:00.001-07:002021-03-31T15:15:18.333-07:00Africans took the Solutrean culture to USA<p> In my paper the: The <a href="https://www.academia.edu/17137182/THE_PALEOAMERICANS_CAME_FROM_AFRICA">Paleoamericans came from Africa</a> , I explained that Khoisan from Africa took the Solutrean culture to North America. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-38fQvKegoOQ/YGTyGDGHZqI/AAAAAAAAG60/j4VQpv8upY4USkLo6iJMPPwAiVJPL-uKACLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="703" height="212" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-38fQvKegoOQ/YGTyGDGHZqI/AAAAAAAAG60/j4VQpv8upY4USkLo6iJMPPwAiVJPL-uKACLcBGAsYHQ/w382-h212/image.png" width="382" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><div class="work-card--authors-list" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px;"><div class="work-card--author-outer-wrapper" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 0; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; flex: 0 0 auto; margin-right: 12px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 8px; position: relative;"><a class="work-card--link" href="https://olmec98.academia.edu/CWinters?swp=tc-au-17137182" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></div></div><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Recent research makes it clear that here is continuity between the DNA carried by Paleoamericans and Africans.</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><img alt="-" src="http://www.ancient-origins.net/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/PaleoAmericans.jpg?itok=jI1F3VdC" style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">My research is confirmed by the DNA.</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">In On the peopling of the Americas: molecular evidence for the Paleoamerican and the</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Solutrean models", by Dejian Yuan and Shi Huang this research confirms my proposition that Africans introduced the Solutrean culture to North America. The authors wrote that.</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"> "Morphological analyses of early skeletons in the Americas have suggested that characteristics</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">of some Pleistocene and early Holocene skeletons are different from present-day Native</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Americans and fall within the variation of present-day indigenous people in South Pacific</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">(Australians, Melanesians, Polynesians, and Negritos) </span><b style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">and certain sub-Saharan African groups<br /></b><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">(1-3). This is particularly so for the first South Americans, while the first North Americans seem</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">to be somewhere in between modern South Pacific and Europeans. No resemblance was noted</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">between the first Americans and either Northeast Asians or modern Native Americans. This has</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">led to the Paleoamerican hypothesis that the initial pioneer population in the Americas had</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">common ancestry with indigenous people in South Pacific which was largely replaced by</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">populations with Northeast Asian affinities in the early Holocene but may have persisted in</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">some locations in South America such as the extinct Pericúes and Fuego-Patagonians (4, 5).</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">We examined the Solutrean hypothesis by testing whether Anzick-1 may be specifically related</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">to the ~18720 year old El Miron from the Magdalenian culture in Spain (preceded by the</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Solutrean) while the other two ancient Amerindians may not (35). In distance to EUR samples,</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">El Miron was the only ancient DNA among all examined that showed positive correlation only</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">with Anzick-1 but not with the other two ancient Amerindians Kennewick Man and Saqqaq (Fig.</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">4A). The correlation of other European aDNAs with Anzick-1 likely indicates a general European</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">element but not special ancestry relationship as they were also similarly correlated with the</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">other two ancient Amerindians. The ~7300 year old farmer CB13 from Spain was the most</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">correlated with Anzick-1 among European aDNAs, consistent with a special connection between</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">El Miron and Anzick-1 and local genetic continuity."</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">See: </span><a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/04/26/130989.full.pdf" style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" target="_blank">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/04/26/130989.full.pdf</a><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"></span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">.This new research supports the fact that foundational Black Americans are descendants of the first Americans.</span>Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-58511284807233872922020-10-13T19:44:00.004-07:002020-10-13T19:44:55.722-07:00Paleo-Egyptian-Black African Language<p> </p><p><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt; text-align: justify;">During the late
pleistocene clay pottery or baskets were probably used by hunter/fisher/gather
groups to collect grain, as evidenced by numerous millstones found on early
Saharan sites.</span></p><div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> These hunters early domesticated the dog.
These dogs were used by hunters to catch their prey. The Egyptian term for dog
is<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">0 uher #. This
Egyptian term corresponds to many African, and Dravidian terms for dog:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Egptian uher <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Azer wulle<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Bozo kongoro<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Guro bere<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Vai wuru, ulu<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Bo(Bambara) -ulu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Wassulunka wulu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Konyanka wulu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Malinke wuli, wuru, wulu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Dravidian ori<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">The above data
indicates that there is contrast between Paleo-Afican l =/= r. The Egyptian 0 <u>uher</u>
# , Azer 0 <u>wulle</u> # and Manding 0 <u>wuru</u> #<b> </b> suggest that the r> l in Paleo-African.
There is also vowel alternation in the terms for dog o =/= u. The predominance of the vowel /u/ in
the terms for dog, make it clear that o<u. This evidence suggest that there
are two Paleo-African terms for dog: Paleo-African (PA) <u>*uru</u> and *<u>oro.</u>
<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Although the Paleo-Africans may have had seasonal migration patterns
their ceramic traditions and intensive exploitation of plant foods show a
continuity of the technological and structural tradition in the Libyan Sahara,
and in our opinion do not reflect a true nomadic herder tradition characterized
by historic nomadic societies.(Winters 1986b) It is interesting to note that
while cattle predominate the pictorial scenes in the Libyan Sahara, the faunal
remains from Uan Muhuggiag and El Kaduda for example, indicate that most
Paleo-Africans kept domesticated goat/sheep.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">(Obenga 1988; Barich
1985; Winters 1985a,1986b) Moreover the
earliest animal engravings in the Fezzan were of rams and goats/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">sheep. (Quellec 1985:367)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> The inhabitants of the Fezzan were
roundheaded blacks .(Jelinek 1985:273) The cultural characteristics of the
Fezzanese were analogous to C-Group culture items and people of Nubia.(<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Quellec 1985; Jelinek
1985) The C-Group people occupied the Sudan and Fezzan regions between
3700-1300 B.C. (Close 1988)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> These early Paleo-Africans of Libya were
called the <u>Temehu</u><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">by the
Egyptians.(Behrens 1984:30) Ethnically the <u>Temehu</u> had the same physical
features of black African people. (Quellec 1985; Jelinek 1985; Diop 1984:72)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> These C-Group people used a common
black-and-red ware. B.B. Lal (1963) of the Indian Expedition in the Campaign to
Save the Monuments of Nubia proved that the Dravidian people probably
originally lived in middle Africa before they settled South India. A common
origin for black Africans and Dravidians would explain the analogous cultural
and linguistic features of these<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">two groups. (Anselin
1982; Winters 1980,1981,1981b,1985a, 1985c)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> The Proto-Mande speakers in the Saharan highlands
were probably one of the numerous C-Group tribes settled in this area. If we
accept this hypothesis the C-Group people would represent a collection of
ethnic groups that later became the Supersets we now find in the fragmentation
belt, such as the Niger-Congo speakers
Greenberg (1970) believes early domesticated ovicaprids. The origin of the
Mande among the sedentary pastoral C-Group ethnic groups supports the
linguistic data indicating an early Mande domestication of cattle. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> In the Sahara pastoralism was the first
form of food production. Augustin Holl (1989) a specialist on western Africa
believes that pastoralism was the first form of food production developed by
post-paleolithic groups in the Sahara.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> In the eastern Sahara it would appear that
ovicaprid husbandry preceded cattle domestication because cattle were
maladaptive to rocky lands. This is in sharp contrast to the western Sahara
where cattle was the mainstay domesticate for sedentary pastoral economies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> Much of the evidence relating to this
pastoral way of life comes from the discovery of cattle bones at excavated
sites in the Sahara dated between 7000-2000 BC, and the rock drawings of
cattle. (McIntosh &McIntosh 1981) In the western Sahara, sites such as Erg
In-Sakane region, and the Taoudenni basin of northern Mali, attest to cattle
husbandry between 6000 and 5000 BP. The ovicaprid husbandry on the other hand
began in this area between 5000 to 3000 BP. Cattle pastoral people began to
settle Dar Tichitt and Karkarichinkat between 5000 to 3500 BP.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> The term for cattle,cow in the various
African languages <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">show much
correspondence. Below we will compare the term for cow<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">from various African
languages:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: center 3.25in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> CATTLE/ COW<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Egyptian </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ng, nag<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Wolof nag<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Peul/Fulfulde nag<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Angas ning<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Ankwe ning<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Susu ninge<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Nuer yang<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Baguirmi m-ang, mang<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Gbea m-angu, mangu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Sar(a) m-ang, mang<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Serere nak<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Mande nika<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Burma nak<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Jarawa i-nak<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Kagoro nyak<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Kaje nyak<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Burak nyek<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Kagoma nyak<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Bobo nyanga<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Kono-Vai nige<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">So.W. Mande ninke<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Sembla nigi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Congo-Benue *i-nak<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Duala nyaka<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Mpongwe nyare<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Fang nyar<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Kwa nare<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Azer(Azayr) na<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Soninke na<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Gourmantche nua, nue<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Senufo nu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Ewe nyi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Niellim nya<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Boua (Bwa) nya<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Tarok ina<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Iregwe nya<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Dadiya nee<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Amo na<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Baya nday<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Bobofing nya-nga<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Gera ndiya<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Koro indak<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Hausa nagge<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Dravidian Languages<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Tamil naku<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Tulu naku<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> The correspondence between African terms
for cattle support the archaeological evidence for the early domestication of
cattle in the Proto-Sahara. This view is supported by the similarity in the
terms for cow/cattle by speakers of the Mande, Niger-Congo, Chadic, and Afro
Asiatic Supersets.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> Ceramics spread from the Central and Eastern Sahara into North Africa.
These ceramics were of Sudanese
inspiration and date back to the 7th millennium B.C. This pottery was used from
the Ennedi to Hoggar. The makers of this pottery were from the Sudan (Andah
1981).<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> By the late stone age (LAS) Dravidans were
well established in the Sahara (Winters 1985b). These Proto-Dravidans were
members of the Saharo-Sudanese tradition (Camps 1974). They lived in the
highlands. <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> We call these people who live in the
ancient Sahara: Proto-Saharans (Winters 1985). Most of the Proto-Saharans lived
on hillocks or slopes near water. But some Paleo-Africans lived on the plains
which featured lakes and marshes. During much of the neolithic/epipaleolithic
period the Sahara resembled the Mediterranean region in climate and ecology.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> In the Sahelian zone there was a short wet
phase during the Holocene (c. 7500-4400 B.C.), which led to the formation of
large lakes and marshes in Mauritania, the Niger massifs and Chad. The Inland Niger Delta was unoccupied. In
other parts of the Niger area the wet phase existed in the eight/seventh and
fourth/third millennia B.C. (McIntosh & McIntosh 1986:417)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="WordSection2">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> There were few habitable sites in West
Africa during the Holocene wet phase. McIntosh and McIntosh (1986) have
illustrated that the only human occupation of the Sahara during this period
were the Saharan massifs along wadis. By the 8th millennium B.C.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Saharan-Sudanese
pottery was used in the Air. (Roset 1983)
Ceramics of this style have also been found at sites in the Hoggar.
(McIntosh & McIntosh 1983b:230) Dotted wavy-line pottery<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>has also been
discovered in the Libyan Sahara. (Barich 1985)<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> During the late Pleistocene clay pottery
or baskets were probably used by hunter/fisher/gather groups to collect grain,
as evidenced by numerous millstones found on early Saharan sites.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> These hunters early domesticated the dog.
These dogs were used by hunters to catch their prey. The Egyptian term for dog
is<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>0 uher #. This
Egyptian term corresponds to many African, and Dravidian terms for dog:<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Egptian uher <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Azer wulle<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Bozo kongoro<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Guro bere<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Vai wuru, ulu<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Bo(Bambara) -ulu<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Wassulunka wulu<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Konyanka wulu<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Malinke wuli, wuru, wulu<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Dravidian ori<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="WordSection3">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>The above
data indicates that there is contrast between Paleo-Dravido-Afican l =/= r. The
Egyptian 0 <u>uher</u> # , Azer 0 <u>wulle</u> # and Dravidian 0 <u>ori</u>
# suggest that the r> l in
Paleo-African. There is also vowel alternation in the terms for dog o =/= u. The predominance of the vowel /u/ in
the terms for dog, make it clear that o<u. This evidence suggest that there
are two Paleo-Dravido-African terms for dog: Paleo-Dravido-African (PA) <u>*uru</u>
and *<u>oro.</u> <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> Although the Paleo-Dravido-Africans may
have had seasonal migration patterns their ceramic traditions and intensive
exploitation of plant foods show a continuity of the technological and
structural tradition in the Libyan Sahara, and in our opinion do not reflect a
true nomadic herder tradition characterized by historic nomadic societies
(Winters 1986b). It is interesting to note that while cattle predominate the
pictorial scenes in the Libyan Sahara, the faunal remains from Uan Muhuggiag
and El Kaduda for example, indicate that most Paleo-Dravido-Africans kept
domesticated goat/sheep (Obenga 1988 ; Barich 1985; Winters 1985a,1986b). Moreover the earliest animal engravings in
the Fezzan were of rams and goats/<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>sheep
(Quellec 1985:367).<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> The inhabitants of the Fezzan were roundheaded
blacks (Jelinek 1985:273). The cultural characteristics of the Fezzanese were
analogous to C-Group culture items and people of Nubia (<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="WordSection4">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Quellec 1985;
Jelinek 1985). The C-Group people occupied the Sudan and Fezzan regions between
3700-1300 B.C. (Close 1988).<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">The C-Group
people are believed to have founded the Kerma dynasty of Nubia.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> These early Paleo-Dravido-Africans of
Libya were called the <u>Temehu</u> by the Egyptians (Behrens 1984:30).
Ethnically the <u>Temehu</u> had the same physical features of black African
people (Quellec 1985; Jelinek 1985; Diop 1984:72).<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> These C-Group people used a common
black-and-red ware. B.B. Lal (1963) of the Indian Expedition in the Campaign to
Save the Monuments of Nubia proved that the Dravidian people probably originally
lived in middle Africa before they settled South India. A common origin for
black Africans and Dravidians would explain the analogous cultural and
linguistic features of these<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>two groups
(Anselin 1982; Winters 1980,1981,1981b,1985a, 1985c).<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="WordSection5">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> The Proto-Dravidian speakers settled in
the Saharan highlands during the LSA were probably one of the numerous C-Group
tribes settled in this area. If we accept this hypothesis the C-Group people
would represent a collection of ethnic groups that later became the Supersets
we now find in the fragmentation belt, such as the Niger-Congo speakers Greenberg (1970)
believes early domesticated ovicaprids. The origin of the Proto-Dravidian
people among the sedentary pastoral C-Group ethnic groups supports the linguistic
data indicating an early Dravidian term for cattle which is genetically related
to terms for cattle in the Niger-Congo Superset of languages.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> In the Sahara pastoralism was the first
form of food production. Augustin Holl (1989) a specialist on western Africa
believes that pastoralism was the first form of food production developed by
post-paleolithic groups in the Sahara.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> In the eastern Sahara it would appear that
ovicaprid husbandry preceded cattle domestication because cattle were maladaptive
to rocky lands. This is in sharp contrast to the western Sahara where cattle
was the mainstay domesticate for sedentary pastoral economies.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> Much of the evidence relating to this
pastoral way of life comes from the discovery of cattle bones at excavated
sites in the Sahara dated between 7000-2000 BC, and the rock drawings of cattle
(McIntosh &McIntosh 1981). <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> The research indicates and independent
origin for the Sanga or Indian type cattle of Africa. Muzzolini (1983) has
personally visited many sites in the Sahara and studied the Rock Art found
there. </b>He is sure that the <b>zebu</b> cattle of Indian are derived from
the humped cattle found in the Rock Art of the Sahara Muzzolini (1983).<b><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> In the western Sahara, sites such as Erg
In-Sakane region, and the Taoudenni basin of northern Mali, attest to cattle
husbandry between 6000 and 5000 BP. The <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>ovicaprid
husbandry on the other hand began in this area between <o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="WordSection6">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>5000 to 3000
BP. Cattle pastoral people began to settle Dar Tichitt and Karkarichinkat
between 5000 to 3500 BP.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>ANIMAL
DOMESTICATION<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> As early as 15,000 years ago cattle were
domesticated in Kenya. In the Sahara-Nile complex, people domesticated many
animals including the pack ass, and a small screw horned goat which was common
from Algeria to Nubia.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> The zebu or humped cattle are found in many
parts of Africa.The oldest faunal remains of the Bos Indicus come from Kenya,
and date to the first millennium B.C.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> The recent evidence that Bos Indicus ,
humped cattle, may have originated in East Africa suggest that this type of
cattle may have first been situated in Africa, and then taken to Asia by the
Proto-Saharans. Testimony to the ancient humped cattle in Africa is supported
by the depiction of this type of cattle in the rock art of the Sahara.This view
is also supported by the fact that the
advent of the Bos Indicus, cattle in Egypt corresponds to the migration of the
C-Group people into the Nile Valley.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> The C-Group people came from the Fertile
African Crescent. Augustin Holl (1989) has made it clear that pastoralism was
the first form of food production developed by post Paleolithic groups in the
Sahara.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="WordSection7">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> In the western Saharan sites such as Erg
In-Sakane region, and the Taoudenni basin of northern Mali, attest to cattle
husbandry between 6000 and 5000 B.P. (McIntosh & McIntosh,
1979,1981,1986,1988). Cattle pastoral people began to settle Dar Tichitt and
Karkarchinkat between 5000 and 3500 B.P. (Holl, 1989).<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> The term for cattle, cow in the various
African languages <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>show much
correspondence. Below we will compare the term for cow<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>from various
African languages:<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 3.25in; text-align: justify;"><b> CATTLE/ COW<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Egyptian ng, nag<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Wolof nag<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Fulani nag<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Hausa nagge<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Angas ning<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Ankwe ning<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Susu ninge<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Nuer yang<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Baguirmi m-ang, mang<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Gbea m-angu, mangu<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Sar(a) m-ang, mang<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Serere nak<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Mande nika<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Burma nak<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Tamil n_ku<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="WordSection8">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Malayalam n_ku<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Tulu n_ku<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Jarawa i-nak<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Kagoro nyak<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Kaje nyak<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Burak nyek<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Kagoma nyak<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Bobo nyanga<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Kono-Vai nige<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>So.W.
Mande ninke<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Sembla nigi<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Congo-Benue *i-nak<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Duala nyaka<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Mpongwe nyare<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Fang nyar<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Kwa nare<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Azer(Azayr) na<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Soninke na<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Gourmantche nua, nue<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Tamil _, _n<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Malayalam _, _n<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Konda _.v<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Kannda _, _vu<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Telugu _vu<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="WordSection9">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Senufo nu<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Ewe nyi<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Niellim nya<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Boua
(Bwa) nya<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Tarok ina<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Iregwe nya<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Dadiya nee<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Amo na<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Baya nday<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Bobofing nya-nga<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Gera ndiya<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Koro indak<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Malinke gu_ga, ko_go ‘zebu’<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Songhay dyu_go<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Swahili Ki-go_go<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Kannada g_nde<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Kolami k_nda, kanda<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Gadaba k_nde<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Gondi k_nda<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> The correspondence between Dravidian and
African terms for cattle support the archaeological evidence for the early
domestication of cattle in the Proto-Sahara. This view is supported by the
similarity in the terms for cow/cattle by speakers of the Dravidian, Mande,
Niger-Congo, Chadic, and Afro Asiatic Supersets.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="WordSection10">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> The oldest written evidence from Africa
comes from the Egyptian language. The Egyptian terms for cattle/ cow were <u>ng</u>
and <u>nag</u> . In other African languages we find either the consonant <u>n-</u>, before the consonant <u>g/k</u> ,
e.g., n/v______(v)g/k ;or the nasal
consonant <u>n-</u> , before the vowels <u> -i,-y </u>, and <u>-a </u> , e.g., n+i+a =<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><u>nia</u> ,
or n+y+a = <u>nya</u> .<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> This evidence of cognition in Dravidian,
African terms for cattle/cow show considerable correspondence in consonants and
vowels within roots.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Table 1.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 3.25in; text-align: justify;"><b> Correspondence within Roots<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Niger-Congo Nilotic Dravidian Chadic
Egyptian<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>-g/-k g -g/-k -k -g<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> -s- -- -z- s/z<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>-n- -n- -n- -m- n-<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Table 2.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 3.25in; text-align: justify;"><b> Correspondence within Vowels<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Niger-Congo Nilotic Dravidian
Chadic Egyptian<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>-i/-y -e/-a -i/-y -y<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>a/u a a/u a/u a<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></b>
<div class="WordSection11">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> The linguistic evidence supports the view
that the Paleo-Dravido-African term for cattle/cow was *<u>n'n </u>, *<u>n'g </u>/<u>n'k
,</u> and *<u>nia </u>. This data also makes it clear that /g/ and /k/ were
interchangeable consonants long before the separation of the Proto-Saharans
into distinct African cultural and linguistic groups.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> It is interesting to note that the Chadic
terms for cow and cattle corresponds to the Mande terms. Mukarovsky (1987)
provides numerous analogous Mande and Chadic terms for cow/cattle.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Mande Chadic<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Bambara <u>misi</u> Sha <u>nisi mu</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Xassanke <u>nyinsi</u> Gofa <u>mizzaa</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Dyula <u>misi</u> Welamo <u>mizzaa</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Malinke <u>nisi, misi</u> Zala <u>mizzaa</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> Basketo <u>mizaa</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>
Boro <u>miizaa</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>
Anfillo <u>mintso</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> *<u>misi</u> *<u>mizaa</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> This illustrates an ancient alternation of the s =/= z
consonants in Paleo-African. In terms of the term for cow and <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>cattle it
would appear that the usual pattern was m/v__(v) s/z__.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Susu <u>ninge</u> Anga <u>nin</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Mende <u>nika</u> Goemai <u>nin, nen</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Malinke <u>ningi</u> Kofyar <u>nen</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Kono <u>ningi</u> Sura <u>nin</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Vai <u>nii</u> Sha <u>nisi mu</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Bande <u>nika-i</u> Tamil n_ku<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Lomo <u>nik
</u> Malayalam n_ku<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Kpelle <u>nina</u> Tulu
n_ku<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b>Bobo <u>nyanga</u><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> *<u>nig / *nik,</u> *<u>nin</u> <u>*nin</u> <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> In the above Chadic and Mande terms for cow/cattle we see the
n/v_________(v) n. The pattern for Dravidian, Chadic and Mande pastoral words
is n/v_________(v) k. The cognition between Chadic Dravidian and Mande terms
for cattle/cow indicate that the speakers of these languages were in close
proximity to one another during the neolithic.<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b> In summary, B.B. Lal (1963) has made it
clear that the BRW of Nubia and Dravidian megakithic pottry are genetically
related. This indicates that the Dravidian people may have originally lived in
Middle Africa where this pottery style originated. <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> It was in
Middle Africa, where we find Rock Art, with humped cattle. Muzzolini (1983)
believes that Indian cattle may have come from the ancient Sahara.</span></b><div><b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></b></div><div><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">References:</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Winters,C.(1998). Afrocentric historical and linguistic methods, The Western journal of Afro-American Studies 22(2): 73-83.</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">_______________.(1999a). ProtoDravidian terms for cattle. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 28, 91-98.</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">_______________.(1999b). Proto-Dravidian terms for sheep and goats.PILC Journal of Dravidian Studies, 9 (2), 183-87.</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><span style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">_______________.(2000). Proto-Dravidian agricultural terms. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 30 (1), 23-28.</span><br style="background-color: #dedfdf; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /></div>Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-14583838430927548632020-09-27T17:25:00.002-07:002020-09-27T17:32:09.535-07:00Anzick man and the Paleoamericans from Brazil show little specific allele sharing with present-day people<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WO7ydPvuqRk/X3EuhD3_RxI/AAAAAAAAG1I/7oT6NUJbAqMu0Abv16M6J5BdAHFd_dvewCLcBGAsYHQ/s610/PaleoAmericans.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="610" height="221" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WO7ydPvuqRk/X3EuhD3_RxI/AAAAAAAAG1I/7oT6NUJbAqMu0Abv16M6J5BdAHFd_dvewCLcBGAsYHQ/w395-h221/PaleoAmericans.jpg" width="395" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">This Cell article, by Posth et al, made it clear that Anzick man and the Paleoamericans from Brazil shared DNA. They wrote that "The oldest individuals in the dataset show little specific allele sharing with present-day people.". </span><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Cosimo Posth et al wrote "</span>To obtain an understanding of how the ancient individuals
relate to present-day ones, we computed f3- and f4-statistics,
which estimate allele sharing between samples in a way that is
unbiased by population-specific drift (Patterson et al., 2012).
<b>The oldest individuals in the dataset show little specific allele
sharing with present-day people.</b> For example, a 10,900 BP
individual from Chile (from the site of Los Rieles) shows only
slight excess affinity to later Southern Cone individuals.
In Belize, individuals from two sites dating to 9,300 and
7,400 BP (Mayahak Cab Pek and Saki Tzul) do not share
significantly more alleles with present-day people from the
region near Belize than they do with present-day groups elsewhere in Central and South America. <b>In Brazil, genetic data
from sites dating to 9,600 BP (Lapa do Santo) and 6,700
BP (Laranjal) show no distinctive shared ancestry with present-day Brazilians (Figures 2 and S1; Table S1), although the
Laranjal individuals do show potential evidence of shared
ancestry with a 5,800 BP individual from Moraes (Table S4),
confirmed by the statistic f4(Mbuti, Brazil_Laranjal_6700BP;
</b>Brazil_LapaDoSanto_9600BP, Brazil_Moraes_5800BP), which
is Z = 7.7 standard errors from zero.
We detect long-standing continuity<span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"> "</span><div><span face="Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #050505;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #050505;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Anzick man shares DNA with the paleoamericans in Brazil. The author's of this study noted that "</span></span>The distribution of this statistic f4(Mbuti,
Test; USR1, Anzick-1)<b> confirms previous
findings that Anzick-1 relatedness is
greatest in Central and South Americans
and lowest in North American groups
(</b>Table S4) (Rasmussen et al., 2014), with
the exception of the California Channel
Islands, where the earliest individuals
from San Nicolas Island around 4,900 BP show some of the highest Anzick-1 relatedness, consistent with an early spread of
Anzick-1-related people to these islands followed by local isolation (Scheib et al., 2018) (Figure S2D).<span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"> "</span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">The D haplogroup is the Asian name for the African M1 haplogroup. The South Anzick and South Americans carried the D haplogroup. Posth et al , wrote: " </span>The D4h3a mtDNA haplogroup has been
hypothesized to be a marker for an early
expansion into the Americas along the Pacific coast (Perego et al., 2009). However,
its presence in two Lapa do Santo individuals and Anzick-1 (Rasmussen et al.,
2014) makes this hypothesis unlikely (Figure S7; Table S3; STAR Methods).<span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"> "</span></div><div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Only skeletons 3000 years old show affinity to modern mongoloid Indians. This is not surprising because the earliest mongoloid Indian skeletons date to 6000 BC.</span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"> Although the the genetic evidence does not show that the Paleoamericans </span><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">did not have affinity with the Melanesians, Australians, researchers have tried to make a new reconstruction of Luzia. </span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dbb-wzQF3qU/X3Epe2KrlsI/AAAAAAAAG0w/rxJYMYpzsGgHIxajk4kLv5JlvFMLl4RUgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1132/New%2BLuzia.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1116" data-original-width="1132" height="434" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dbb-wzQF3qU/X3Epe2KrlsI/AAAAAAAAG0w/rxJYMYpzsGgHIxajk4kLv5JlvFMLl4RUgCLcBGAsYHQ/w441-h434/New%2BLuzia.png" width="441" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">In reality the genetic evidence discussed by Posth et al, makes it clear</span><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"> there was no reason for artists to make the fake construction Luzia . </span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gy5UgFm2hBE/X3EsoWry91I/AAAAAAAAG08/95ajHMW982wqYlW43GalFv1DhjN73C5VQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1021/Luzia3.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="1021" height="317" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gy5UgFm2hBE/X3EsoWry91I/AAAAAAAAG08/95ajHMW982wqYlW43GalFv1DhjN73C5VQCLcBGAsYHQ/w435-h317/Luzia3.png" width="435" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">This is a fake reconstruction once you look at the reconstruction you can see that the face of the original reconstruction was negroid, while the final product looked Caucasian. Look at the reconstruction the lips are larger and the nose is wider.</span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">In summary, the Posth et al articles makes it clear that the Paleoamericans do not look like modern mongoloid Indians. It also makes it clear the Paleoamericans carried the same DNA in North and South America.</span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Source:</span></div><div><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Cosimo Posth ,Nathan Nakatsuka ,Iosif Lazaridis, Lars Fehren-Schmitz ,Johannes Krause . David Reich. (2018). Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America. Cell, VOLUME 175, ISSUE 5, P1185-1197.E22, NOVEMBER 15, 2018, </span><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="animation-name: none; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 15px; transition-property: none;"><a class="oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8" fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31380-1?fbclid=IwAR3-2idLDEvw40LbYeX6xiIVr3ufFR-qvo0LLuOZRv865Ck1AHMNyZcLUtw" rel="nofollow noopener" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; animation-name: none; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; transition-property: none;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31380-1</a></span></div></div></div>Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-12494996447533406842020-09-06T07:55:00.000-07:002020-09-06T07:55:29.280-07:00Meroitic Texts<p> </p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">I have deciphered many Meroitic
Text. Most of these Meroitic text have been published in articles, books and on
Facebook in the Meroitic Group. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ItI0Ggsry64/X1TZLOhS1fI/AAAAAAAAGtA/LG1P7Z2h1KcfhPW5o_ZD-qHVgTMZ3IidgCLcBGAsYHQ/s870/image004.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="870" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ItI0Ggsry64/X1TZLOhS1fI/AAAAAAAAGtA/LG1P7Z2h1KcfhPW5o_ZD-qHVgTMZ3IidgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/image004.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">I deciphered Meroitic using the Kushana
hypothesis. I have deciphered Meroitic based on the most logical path to the
decipherment of any dead language. Maurice Pope (1975) , made it clear that
before a dead language can be deciphered you most have the right theoretical
structure to base your inquiry upon (p.191). There were three preliminary
conditions that must be met before any decipherment: 1) confidence that a
script can be deciphered; 2) location of proper names must be determined; the
grammatical rules of the target language must be known.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Conditions #1 and #2 were met by
Griffith when he deciphered the Meroitic script in 1910, and his discovery of
the proper names of the Meroitic gods and individuals in the Meroitic text.
Griffith also discovered the directions of the Meroitic writing was written.
The recognition for the solubility of Meroitic was reinforced by the the
publication of , because it provided up to date material on Meroitic and the
idea of using the comparative method to decipher Meroitic.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Condition #3 was met in 1978 when
Hintze publishesd his . This allowed me to test other languages to Meroitic to
find the cognate language.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">I chose Kushana for two reasons.
Firstly , Philostratus in , claimed that the Gmnosophists of Kush, who settled
along the Nile, descended from the Brahmins of India, having been forced to
migrate after the murder of their King. This passage pointed to the Kushana,
who left China in 176 B.C., after the murder of their king. Because both of
this groups called themselves Kushana, it suggested that they may be related ,
given the Classical tradition for a migration of "Indians" to Kush.
Moreover, C.B. Rawlinson , in "Notes on the early History of
Babylonia", , 15, PP.221-22, discussed the Kushites of Asia and Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Using the evidence of classical
traditions pointing to the Kushana, as possible settlers of Meroe,gave me the
confidence to compare Kushana to Meroitic. This comparison proved fruitful.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">In addition to the classical
mention of the Indians settling Meroe, we also have a horde of Kushana coins
that were found on the floor of a cave at the present monastery-shine at Debra
Demo in modern Ethiopiain 1940. All of this supported a knowledge of the
Kushana among the Meroites.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Again, I welcome the challenge to
prove my decipherement. Send me a mailing address and I will provide you with a
fuller version of my paper and vocabulary so you may test the decipherment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">My decipherment of Meroitic is
based on the Kushana theory.The Kushana theory is that a group of “East Indian”
scholars introduced the Meroitic writing system to the Meroites. The Kushana
hypothesis was based on the following evidence:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">1) no African language has been
found to be a cognate language of Meroitic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">2) the Classical literature says
that the Kushites lived in Asiaand Africa;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">3) the Gymnosophists, or
"naked sages" of Meroe came from India.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Before I began work on Meroitic,
other researchers had already falsified the African theory for Meroitic's
cognate language. Meroitic is not related to languages spoken in this area.
Griffithand Haycock tried to read Meroitic using Nubian and failed. K.H. Priese
tried to read the Meroitic text using Eastern Sudani; he also failed. The fact
that not even Nubian, a language spoken by a people who were engaged in
constantly conflict with the Meroites , failed to be the cognate language of
Meroitic made it clear that we must look elsewhere for the cognate language
spoken by the Meroites.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The evidence presented above provides
internal and external validity for my theory based upon the sources I have
cited previously. The sources I have used are impartial, to disconfirm my
hypothesis someone needs to show that my propositions are not fully informed.
They must prove that:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">1. there were no Indians North
Africa and Kushwhen the Classical writers maintained they were] and present
rival explanations based on the evidence.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The fact that the claims made by
the Classical writers is supported by the Indians themselves isstrong confirmation
of the Kushana hypothesis. This hypothesis based on the classical literature,
was enough to support the original Kushana Hypothesis.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The predicting power of the
original theory: the Gymnosophist introduced Meroitic to the Kushites due to
the influence of Buddhism in Meroe, matches the observed natural phenomena
which was confirmed elsewhere by cognate place names, ethononyms, lexical items
and grammatical features, indicate that my theory has not be falsified.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The ability to reliably predict a
linguistic relationship between Kushana and Meroitic, was further confirmation
of the Kushana Hypothesis, because the linguistic connections were deducible
from prediction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">I controlled the Kushana
Hypothesis by comparing the statements of the classical writers, with
historical, linguistic anthropological and toponymic evidence found not only in
Africa, but also India and Central Asia [where the people also used Tokharian
as a trade language to unify the various people in Central Asia].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">I constructed three testable
hypotheses in support of the Kushana theory, and it seems only fair that these
variables must be disconfirmed, to falsify the Kushana Hypothesis.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Hypothesis 1: If the meroites
used a writing system of non-African origin a tradition mentioning this fact
will exist. (Hypothesis confirmed. Classical literature mentions Indian
scholars in ancient Meroe.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Hypothesis: 2. If the classical
literature mentions Indians who lived in Egyptinfluencing the Meroites their
should be historical evidence relating to this tradition. (Hypothesis confirmed
.Classical literature mentions a King who left his country is mentioned in the
Jaina text called the Kalakeharya-Kathanaka.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Hypothesis: 3. If Classical
literature is true about the Indian origin of the Gymnosophists Indians will be
found living near the Meroites around the time the Meroitic inscriptions
appear. (Hypothesis confirmed. Artifacts and coins with Indian inscriptions
have been found in Egypt and Ethiopia.) Failure to disconfirm this theorem,
implies validity of my prediction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">My confirmation of the above ,
and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">1) the presence of Kushites in
Africa and Asia;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">2) Shared placenames<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">3) Asoka sent many Buddhist
missionaries to Egypt who wrote their scriptures in Kharosthi and Tocharian;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">4) a Blemmya--native to the
Meroitic empire, is mentioned in numerous Buddhist Pali text;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">5)the presence of Kushana sages
in India who may have migrated to Meroe;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">6) cognate lexical items;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">7)cognate verbs and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">8) cognate grammatical features;
indicates systematic controlled, critical and empirical investigation of the
question of Kushana representing the Meroitic cognate language.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">My decipherment of Meroitic
allows us to compare Meroitic with African languages. The result of comparative
linguistic research makes it clear that Meroitic is related to Egyptian and
many languages spoken in the Nile Valley: Beja, Nubian and Sudanese Arabic.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">As a result of these facts we can
now use Tocharian or Kushana to read the Meroitic text. The historical evidence
make it clear that the Meroites were probably not strangers to Kharosthi
literacy since the Gymnosophists had been in Upper Egypt and Meroitic Empires
hundreds of years.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-24QRpYeUJpU/X1TajyGrCWI/AAAAAAAAGwM/Vj9XEyRndIQqy7POIaNY3QF6S_LVpctuwCLcBGAsYHQ/s553/image013.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="502" data-original-width="553" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-24QRpYeUJpU/X1TajyGrCWI/AAAAAAAAGwM/Vj9XEyRndIQqy7POIaNY3QF6S_LVpctuwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/image013.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The Meroitic Confederation was
made up of various Sudanese or Nile Valley people living in Kush. As a result,
the Meroites needed a language they could use for common communication among
the Meroites. This language was Meroitic. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The Meroitic language was a
lingua franca. As a result, Meroitic is related to many Sudanese languages
spoken today and in the past.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Meroitic was a lingua franca. It
united the diverse Kushite (Sudanese) speakers into a unified nation within the
Meroitic Empire.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The major problem in determining
the linguistic history of the Nile Valley is that due to the multiplicity of
languages spoken in the Nile Valley, the two major civilizations ancient Egypt
and Kush (Napata and Kerma), and the Meroitic (Kushite) Empire used Egyptian as
a lingua franca to provide the mixed populations living in these confederations
a single means of communication. The Egyptians and Kushites used a lingua
franca, so no single ethnic group living in the Egyptian and Kushite Confederations
would be recognized as superior to the other ethnic groups living in these
“Nations”, by having its language recognized as the “National language”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The rulers of Egypt and Kush knew
that if one language spoken in the respective Empires was recognized as the
“National language”, this would have caused disunity in the Empire. Use of one
of the languages spoken in the Empires , as the National language, would cause
disunity because the speakers of the languages not chosen as the National
language would feel slighted, and become jealous of the speakers of the
National language. It was for this reason that both Confederations used
Egyptians as a lingua franca.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Because many Meroites were
Buddhists, Kushana was already known in the Nile Valley Kushite Empires (Kerma
and Meroe and Egypt), because the Empires were made up of Sudanese speaking
diverse languages, who were Buddhists. It is obvious that the Meroites were
influenced by Buddhism, given the Buddhist elements in Meroitic iconography and
culture.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3aWUKZSHyuY/X1Ta23IzlTI/AAAAAAAAGwU/iTmY3teQkcsRBcNMxsODTdX1vRoAZH2pwCLcBGAsYHQ/s624/image015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="624" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3aWUKZSHyuY/X1Ta23IzlTI/AAAAAAAAGwU/iTmY3teQkcsRBcNMxsODTdX1vRoAZH2pwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/image015.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Since Kushana was nativized in
the Meroitic Empire lexical items from the local languages over the years were
adopted into Kushana. Meroitic was probably what linguists call a “Koine”
language. A Koine develops as a result of people speaking a variety of speech
who are in contact with each other that are mutually intelligible dialects.
Languages that are considered by their speakers to be of equal cultural and
political prestige, prefer to use a Koine, so as not to show disrespect to the
various speakers of related languages.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">A good example of a “Koine”
language today in the Sudan is Colloquial Sudanese Arabic. Colloquial Sudanese
Arabic/Sudanese Arabic Dialect allows Sudanese ethnic groups representing
diverse<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>speaking populations to converse
in a mutually intelligible language.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">As a result, the Meroites created
a Koine, with Kushana as the base language to serve as a lingua franca to unite
the various people in the Meroitic Empire. The Meroite people , were unified by
the Meroitic language which was used as a lingua franca.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Because Meroitic was a Koine,
like Egyptian was in Kerma we find many Sudanese cognate terms in the Meroitic
language.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p8YvI94vRJk/X1TbLPi5p6I/AAAAAAAAGwc/tXrIfgQbGGwr0lsubYziamZCyQdG-rHyACLcBGAsYHQ/s960/image033.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="960" height="308" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p8YvI94vRJk/X1TbLPi5p6I/AAAAAAAAGwc/tXrIfgQbGGwr0lsubYziamZCyQdG-rHyACLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h308/image033.png" width="500" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p><br /></p>
<p><br /></p>
<p><br /></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><br /></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PB6aHm9ocG4/X1Tbin5YQ3I/AAAAAAAAGwo/giUtuW357SEnx754F8ZYBkGOGas0olwUACLcBGAsYHQ/s834/image036.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="834" height="305" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PB6aHm9ocG4/X1Tbin5YQ3I/AAAAAAAAGwo/giUtuW357SEnx754F8ZYBkGOGas0olwUACLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h305/image036.png" width="500" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aX-7HNXLSEY/X1Tb3GaaNLI/AAAAAAAAGw0/hHhFPQ2SWcMbEOzqjVXEKoORV8_6PzxAwCLcBGAsYHQ/s777/image035.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="777" height="405" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aX-7HNXLSEY/X1Tb3GaaNLI/AAAAAAAAGw0/hHhFPQ2SWcMbEOzqjVXEKoORV8_6PzxAwCLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h405/image035.png" width="500" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_WKe2h5ak_s/X1TcNBF6I0I/AAAAAAAAGw8/h83o5l6NE3kanQhLGgPNqgIwV5whS6cZQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1100/image011.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="698" data-original-width="1100" height="318" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_WKe2h5ak_s/X1TcNBF6I0I/AAAAAAAAGw8/h83o5l6NE3kanQhLGgPNqgIwV5whS6cZQCLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h318/image011.png" width="500" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The evidence is clear Tocharian
and Kharosthi was a popular media among Upper Egyptians and Meroites before the
Meroites invented the Meroitic script. As a result, it was a nativized Meroitic
language spoken by a major group of Meroites.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Meroitic script is almost identical to
many of the Kharosthi signs used to write Tocharian. It is interesting to note
that over seven of the Kharosthi and Meroitic signs have not only similar
shape, but also the same sound. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Griffith (1911a) has divided the Meroitic writing into two different
forms according to the shape of Meroitic signs at various points in history. The
two stages of Meroitic writing were called Archaic and late. In deciphering
Meroitic inscriptions it is important that you refer to Giffith (1911a) so you
can learn how each Meroitic symbol appeared at various stages in the evolution
of the Meroitic writing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Archaic Meroitic dates from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD.
The Meroitic writing from the 1st century AD to the end of the Meroitic Empire
is called late Meroitic.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Kulke H. & Rothermund ,D.
1990. History of India . London, Routledge.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Salomon, R. 1991.
"Epigraphic remains of Indiantraders in Egypt", Journal of the
American orientalSociety :pp.731-736.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Salomon,R. 1993. Addenda, Journal
of the American Oriental Society : 593.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Winters,Clyde Ahmad. (Juin
1984b). "A Note onTokharian and Meroitic", Meroitic
Newsletter\Bulletind"Information Meroitiques , No.23 , pages 18-21.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Winters,Clyde Ahmad. (1989b).
"Cheikh Anta Diop et ledechiffrement de l'ecriture meroitique",Cabet:
RevueMartinique de Sciences Humaines et de Litterature 8,pp. 149-152.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Winters, Clyde Ahmad.(1998).
Meroitic funerary Text.Part1, Inscription Journal of Ancient Egypt 1,(1),
pp.29-34.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Winters, Clyde Ahmad.(1998).
Meroitic funerary Text.Part 2, Inscription Journal of Ancient Egypt 1,(2),
pp.41-55.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Winters, Clyde Ahmad. (1999). The
inscriptions of Tanyidamani. Nubica IV und Nubica V., pp.355-388.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Winters,Clyde. 2007. MerRead:
Reading Meroitic Inscriptions: The Writing System of Kush. Scribd:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/429844/MerRead<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Winters,Clyde. 2009. Tocharian
the Cognate Language of Meroitic.
https://bafsudralam.blogspot.com/search?q=Tocharia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Winters,Clyde.
2013. The Meroitic Language and Literature.
https://www.amazon.com/Meroitic-Writing-Literature-Clyde-Winters/dp/0615801501<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">I will attempt
to read the broken tablet. First of all it is hard to make out some of the
signs on this piece, especially parts of line three(3) and five (5), but I will
attempt to read the piece.</span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-R3-smupHWB0/X1Tcl662ztI/AAAAAAAAGxE/ymzjYaSJFSgKxnrtt_NpahZxaz-1WcGRwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/image001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="367" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-R3-smupHWB0/X1Tcl662ztI/AAAAAAAAGxE/ymzjYaSJFSgKxnrtt_NpahZxaz-1WcGRwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/image001.jpg" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"> Reading the piece from right to left we have the
following:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Transliteration<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">1.
m...e-ne...ap. ...<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">2.
[s]....mlo.. nea...š... ..<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">3.
m...p....b.. .ye..... s<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">4.
e.....q....b. ...p...nea. ...<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">5. [o]...lo...
n-ne...ml... .ne...s.. .mš....<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><em><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Translation</span></b></em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">"...(1)The
great Commander and ancestor.... (2)[prop up] the inner heart at this time (of)
the King....(3) m entreat the Ba to travel (and) prop up...(4)Register the wish
(of) the Ba to solicit at this time....(5)[ Begin] to dispatch Goodness and the
good spirit (of) the son of Mash.....<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Vocabulary<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">ap, ancestor, father<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">m , great<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">e-ne,
commander<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">e, register;
vouchsafe; grant a boon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">b, Ba<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">ml, spirit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">mlo,
innerheart, soul<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">s, son;to
protect; to prop up<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">ye, to make;
travel, voyage<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">nea, at this
time;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">ne, good<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">n-ne, Goodness<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">mš, Mash<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">lo, dispatch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">o, begin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The so called
word divider sign<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>:</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>equals<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><b>-ne</b></em>. The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><b>:</b></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><i> </i></b></span>is used to change verbs
into nouns, or means good.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cCqVs_Vo18g/X1TcyJAQWnI/AAAAAAAAGxI/vWQzkbml5nEB2FbTWJQ9aesQggMM0ImFwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/image002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cCqVs_Vo18g/X1TcyJAQWnI/AAAAAAAAGxI/vWQzkbml5nEB2FbTWJQ9aesQggMM0ImFwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/image002.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">At the lion
temple of Naqa, we find Natakamani on the left façade and Amanitore on the
right. Under the feet of the ruling pair we find friezes of their defeated
enemies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">There are a
number of Meroitic hieroglyphics on the front of the Naqa Lion Temple. There
are three columns of hieroglyphic inscriptions on under the falcon of King Natakamani.
Reading from left to right we see the following<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--df019iIEKY/X1Tc7jjBCSI/AAAAAAAAGxQ/zJXH_KfV1-43QAb5rbiywZGVTboG880wQCLcBGAsYHQ/s205/image003.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="84" data-original-width="205" height="205" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--df019iIEKY/X1Tc7jjBCSI/AAAAAAAAGxQ/zJXH_KfV1-43QAb5rbiywZGVTboG880wQCLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h205/image003.png" width="500" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Transliteration</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">1. ter tel i
ne<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">2. …ni-ne b-q
r<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">3. ikh iy kh
te b d r te<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Translation</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">"1….the erection (of
this structure) elevates (our) tradition [of building].2…brillian ce (is) also
desired indeed.3…this spot bring Great light (and) also leave a legacy (of)
unity." We can interpret the inscriptions and engraving from this part of
the temple as follows:"King Natakamani smites the enemies of Meroe. The
royalty "...[has made] the erection (of this structure) to elevate (as is
our) tradition.2…Brillian ce (is) also indeed desired.3…This spot to bring
Great light (to many and) also leave (to the Meroites) a legacy (of)
unity."</span></em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Funerary Stela of Meteye</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UDCLrTlAWMI/X1TeASh16gI/AAAAAAAAGxk/8llrPGhFbAI7Ec6pQJKIVq05nyEZNdZZwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/image005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="358" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UDCLrTlAWMI/X1TeASh16gI/AAAAAAAAGxk/8llrPGhFbAI7Ec6pQJKIVq05nyEZNdZZwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/image005.jpg" /></a></strong></div><strong><br /><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong><p></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><br /></strong></div><strong><br /><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong><p></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">This Stela
dates back to the 2nd to 3rd Centuries. It is has a reddish-white undercoat. It
comes from Grave 275, Karanog. The stela is located in Cairo, Egyptian Museum
JE40229.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The couple<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Meteye</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Abakharta</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>stand under the inner wings of the sun
disk. Meteye wares her hair with a topknot and cornrows. This man may be either
Meteye's husband or father. (I am uncertain because the words<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><b>ab-a</b></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>can be interpreted as `[her] father'.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">If this is the
correct reading<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><i>aba
Kharta</i></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>would mean
`her father Kharta'.)The grave was excavated by Woolley-Randall- MacIver at
Karanog.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The skeleton
in the grave was of a woman. The pointed breast on the figure indicate that she
was a young women. Standing side by side suggest that this man was her husband.
Since the grave contained only one skeleton we can imagine that Abakharta was
depicted on this stela to show his devotion to his wife.There are three sets of
inscription on this stela.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">There are
inscriptions in front of Meteye and Abakharta, and an inscription between the
legs of Abakharta.Reading from right to left beginning with the inscription
between the legs of Abakharta, then the inscription before Abakharta and
finally the one in front of Meteye we have the following:Inscription between
Abakharta's legs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><em><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">P .. š
….o</span></b></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">…."Pray for the patron to commence……"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Inscription
in front of the man:</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Wosi ..
ne. Sore… yi-ne. Abkharta… ke ….lo …..wi-ne... a…kh…m…še.."</span></em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Translation</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Isis the
Good. Osiris the eternal. Abakharta gives permission (for) the offering of this
Object of Respect (Meteye) to acquire greatness (and) protection."</span></em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Inscription
in front of the woman</span></i></strong><em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">:</span></em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Woš..i-ne…šore..
yi-ne..Meteye… qo …wi…ato ….mh…ene… š.. o-a….tene</span></em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Translation</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">"Isis
the good. Osiris the eternal. Meteye , renew (her) honor down the path (to)
abundant alms giving. The patron [Meteye] has commenced the Rebirth".<o:p></o:p></span></em></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></em></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EOMoPauH0X8/X1TeJf5RQhI/AAAAAAAAGxo/toHpaANKOd8RvWx0NgLi6DROYe1quOZcQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1325/image038.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1325" data-original-width="1060" height="625" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EOMoPauH0X8/X1TeJf5RQhI/AAAAAAAAGxo/toHpaANKOd8RvWx0NgLi6DROYe1quOZcQCLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h625/image038.png" width="500" /></a></div><br /><p style="margin: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Funerary stelae of
Prince Tedeqen, circa 100-200 B.C.</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1NVRTY0I7os/X1TdOPXeWSI/AAAAAAAAGxc/JU7iYDGkX3Ir2SJYj16In9CkhJEqegW8wCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/image007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="267" height="625" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1NVRTY0I7os/X1TdOPXeWSI/AAAAAAAAGxc/JU7iYDGkX3Ir2SJYj16In9CkhJEqegW8wCLcBGAsYHQ/w419-h625/image007.jpg" width="419" /></a></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Transliteration</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Woš-i-ne
…Tdeqen …ne …^h …ml …. ol … ho ….lk …tene ..at …mlo …ne… p … rem … eš …. d …. o
… tl … wi-ne … el …^h …tene ….ete …. eš …. d…. ot …. el … ^h … tene …^he …. ra
…. Ke-ne-l ….l …d …tene.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Translation</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">[Oh] Good Isis (give)
Tedeqen kha, grand inner heart (and) soul to behold the path of rebirth. The
good inner heart prays to witness (its) manifestation. (This) bequeathal to
open (and) elevate the Object of Respect (i.e., Tedeqen) gift (of the) Kha's
rebirth (Oh Isis). You give the manifestation of the bequeathal prestige. The
gift (of) the Kha's (and the) external body's rebirth . Indeed [Tedeqen]
revitalization (will) be the rebirth of the bequeathal (of the Kha).</span></em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Offering Stela of
Tablet of Tedeqen</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eFNVGoJ9YqI/X1Te06d4UYI/AAAAAAAAGxw/2D7e77Lp8HoMWoVvRooiVswlriCahlNtwCLcBGAsYHQ/s300/image008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="300" height="439" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eFNVGoJ9YqI/X1Te06d4UYI/AAAAAAAAGxw/2D7e77Lp8HoMWoVvRooiVswlriCahlNtwCLcBGAsYHQ/w469-h439/image008.jpg" width="469" /></a></div><br /><p style="margin: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Inscription
under the gods:</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">[………] lo….
wi-ne ….šo ….tk ….te<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Translation:</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">"Dispatch
(this) Object of Respect [Tedeqen] to live and to reflect (on good)—may (it go
forth)."</span></em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Inscription
on the funerary tablet reading from left to right and around the tablet :</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Wosi …i-ne
…a…. šore ….. yi-ne ….tedeqen ….qo-ne …ah ..d …s-ne-l …. d …h … lo-ne… me …n
…tone …e ….ri-ne …..ke …. li-ne …..e … ri …ke …lo… ne … atom … lo ..ne ….el … h
…..tene ….al …ml …ol<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Translation</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">"Isis the Good, Osiris
the eternal. Tedeqen to live good (and) to acquire a lasting legacy (of Good).
The patron's legacy (is for) the Kha's transmigration , measure the Good
Rebirth (now). Give withdrawal (to the Kha) for revitalization (and)
exaltation. Register the sendoff (of the Kha) to invigorate the good offering
(of Tedeqen). He is to be (re)born to transmit Good (as his) gift (to mankind).
The Kha's noble (re)birth (of a) grand soul."</span></em><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The
most interesting Meroitic text concerning Apedemak is found on the votive
tablet of Tañyidamani which is now found in the Paris Museum.</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XN2X5kehVQU/X1TfLHpr1DI/AAAAAAAAGx4/JCUhQJOmeUQcC9gBGdyokN22bv63FM0OQCLcBGAsYHQ/s394/image009.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="394" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XN2X5kehVQU/X1TfLHpr1DI/AAAAAAAAGx4/JCUhQJOmeUQcC9gBGdyokN22bv63FM0OQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/image009.jpg" width="320" /></a></strong></div><strong><br /><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong><p></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p><p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></strong></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">On this votive
tablet Tañyidamani is depicted on the obverse side , and the god Apedemak on
the reverse side.On the reverse side of the Tañyidamani votive tablet the god
Apedemak is depicted wearing a short apron and hemhem crown.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">On this votive
tablet Apedemak also wears armlets, bracelets, a collar and pectoral. Inside a
panel in front of Apedemak we find a cursive Meroitic inscription.The
inscriptions in the panel on the reverse side of the votive tablet of King
Tañyidamani make it clear that the king acknowledged the important role the god
Apedemak played in his life. These inscriptions can be read either from right
to left or top to bottom.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Reading from
right to left we read:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">TRANSLITERATION
OF REVERSE SIDE OF VOTIVE TABLET OF KING TAÑYIDAMANI</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Transliteration</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">1. w e to2. q
tel3. w to si4.tone m-k5. d.[l]..r-i6.te i<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">TRANSLATION</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">1. You (it
is Apedemak who) gives guidance.2. Revitalize support (for me King
Tañyidamani).3. You guide (me) to satisfaction.4. (And ) much reverence (for
your patron).5. Give (it) amicably (to me).6. May (it go forth).</span></em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Reading this
same inscription top to bottom we find the following:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">TRANSLITERATION</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">OF THE REVERSE SIDE OF THE VOTIVE TABLET
OF KING TAÑYIDAMANI<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">1. w q b-to
d-te.2. e te to m ne l.3. toe i skr-i.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">TRANSLATION</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in;"><em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">1. (Oh
Apedemak) Guide and Make Honor (for your patron).2. Give here your (full)
measure of Good indeed. 3. (It is) thou (Apedemak who) give(s) leave to
eminence (for your patron).</span></em><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br />
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--445Zy-axGE/X1TftAToN3I/AAAAAAAAGyE/0VxMVxL2x8cwmyrwFnrMInqPZ-5RrH7BgCLcBGAsYHQ/s933/image039.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="812" data-original-width="933" height="435" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--445Zy-axGE/X1TftAToN3I/AAAAAAAAGyE/0VxMVxL2x8cwmyrwFnrMInqPZ-5RrH7BgCLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h435/image039.png" width="500" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Temadelo Inscription<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OrL0ORcKCtY/X1TZV9k9IaI/AAAAAAAAGwE/XILP9MjuQSgItWnAsTqTvcJ_yrhIsloIgCPcBGAYYCw/s421/image046.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="421" height="375" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OrL0ORcKCtY/X1TZV9k9IaI/AAAAAAAAGwE/XILP9MjuQSgItWnAsTqTvcJ_yrhIsloIgCPcBGAYYCw/w625-h375/image046.png" width="625" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<br />
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">The Temadelo funerary tablet/stela was found at Sedeinga.
This tablet was found after the demolition of a house in the village of Qubbat
Salim in 1966.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Temadelo tablet has six lines of late Meroitic script.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1…R qo wi-ne di b…nke ne te d ḫ …<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2, Te e mdele wi-ne Woš ni te š-n l-<u>h</u> l-ne<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3. I-ne še nte l-ne š te lo wi-ne <u>h</u> l bi<u><o:p></o:p></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">4. [N]e..š telo wi-ne ate ḫ šo-ne pl d e<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">5. ne p šo ba-ne wo š tene ye tem de lo<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">6. ..ate lo wi-ne ato mḫ ep<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Translation<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1….Indeed create honor, guide its passage to the
Ba…k-Commands the donation of the Kha…2. ..Give Temadelo honor, Isis the
Shining. Place the Patron in the resting place….3….i-ne the Patron bows in
reverence (to the god) to be elevated. Honor the Khe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and the Ba leaves…4.,,,ne to be elevated to
dispatch honor’s progression of the Kha [vital spirit] is of unlocking the
departure pious indeed…5..ne to beg existence in Bane, Isis the Good is capable
of unlocking the departure [to Bane]…..6….The path of the lonely Commander
(was) suitable (for) many [of our] ancestors…… <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UKMmEYSCx5Y/X1TfiZ0o_II/AAAAAAAAGyA/Hj2JYjISVKYBOmC9peR-DVVmIB92qrgiACLcBGAsYHQ/s933/image039.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="812" data-original-width="933" height="435" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UKMmEYSCx5Y/X1TfiZ0o_II/AAAAAAAAGyA/Hj2JYjISVKYBOmC9peR-DVVmIB92qrgiACLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h435/image039.png" width="500" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u5zpSxPAvtc/X1TgFkclc-I/AAAAAAAAGyY/OsKHRFV6rAIk-PdQDh0VrjAZ3izflA6VgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1296/image010.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1002" data-original-width="1296" height="386" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u5zpSxPAvtc/X1TgFkclc-I/AAAAAAAAGyY/OsKHRFV6rAIk-PdQDh0VrjAZ3izflA6VgCLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h386/image010.png" width="500" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1275" data-original-width="1620" height="394" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iIMrjAm_faU/X1TZWPCoLsI/AAAAAAAAGv0/CdH-jrMbf-gVwnwQ8iNFK5gY5U4csgpZwCPcBGAYYCw/w500-h394/image044.png" width="500" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6kRNOsFCenA/X1T0oExWqoI/AAAAAAAAGzU/3p8ju6NmzYgBXsJMsMH6cqXHRch4CSMigCLcBGAsYHQ/s1290/image031.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="1290" height="260" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6kRNOsFCenA/X1T0oExWqoI/AAAAAAAAGzU/3p8ju6NmzYgBXsJMsMH6cqXHRch4CSMigCLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h260/image031.png" width="500" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div>Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-38701437719591434922020-08-02T09:59:00.000-07:002020-08-02T10:04:03.982-07:00The Old Temple Rock Inscriptions<br />
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The inscriptions at the Old Temple were discovered by اسامة علي
ابومدين<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Osama Ali Abu Medin. This Temple
provide us information about the religious beliefs of Nile Valley people.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QuCblVd3bNU/XybraSwxFYI/AAAAAAAAGlw/Ad3hDPp2OjcmHUeVNC-RI6fhVqs765EwACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/temple.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QuCblVd3bNU/XybraSwxFYI/AAAAAAAAGlw/Ad3hDPp2OjcmHUeVNC-RI6fhVqs765EwACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/temple.png" width="240" /></a></div>
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Osman Ali Abu Medin, wrote that: “<i>The archaeological
temple found in a sound oasis was built with super skill that shows the
greatness of that civilization to which it belongs...Walls tendency allows
sunshine to enter the temple only through very small balconies up the building.
Maybe to give the atmosphere inside more terrifying and still.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The gateway to the corridor is also
overlooked in front of the rooms in the oasis, where it was old, a large spring
or a miniature lake of single water and also asked for river water from
volcanic rocks loaded with gold and gems. And this place with these features
confirms the sanctity of the site for that civilization</i>”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4wcyCMfkZGU/XybrjP-XPeI/AAAAAAAAGl0/Obrc1xwFK5A48WVZBTMrtiQcClF89wxVACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Temple%2Bchapels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4wcyCMfkZGU/XybrjP-XPeI/AAAAAAAAGl0/Obrc1xwFK5A48WVZBTMrtiQcClF89wxVACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Temple%2Bchapels.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Osama Ali Abu Medin’s description of the Old Temple, makes
it clear the Temple had chapels where the Believers could pray and communicate
with the God. The Nile Valley people worshipped God at the Old Temple in the
Nile Valley. At sites in the Sahara temples were built. At these sites people
inscribed rocks with testimonies to their gods. One of the mysterious to gods venerated
at these religious centers was “Igai” Lord of the Oasis.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The adherents to the Temple religion left many inscriptions
in the area around this Oasis temple. The temple inscriptions are related to
the “figural graffiti”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr. Pope
discussed the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>figural graffiti, which
are in reality the Thinite signs that were used in the Nile Valley since
pre-Egyptian times.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Thinite or figural graffiti are etched into stone at Kurru
and Philae Island. Researchers like F. L. Griffith when they survived many
Meroitic sites ignored these signs. Although, they collected Demotic, Greek and
Latin graffiti or Thinite signs. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Thinite signs have been found on Kurru 1 pyramids and the
Kurru funerary temple. The Thinite signs at Philae are found upon the Gateway
of Hadrian, so they date to the reign by Hadrian.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Kurru site is very old. Construction at Kurru and Philae
began with Taharqo. The Taharqo line of Pharaohs was interred at Kurru.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Before Egypt the major civilization in Africa was the Maa
Confederation. The Maa Confederation or Proto-Saharan civilization was made up of
many ethnic groups including Dravidian, Malinke-Bambara speakers, Sumerians and
Elamites as I note in my book <b><u>Before Egypt: The Maa Confederation,
Africa?s First Civilization</u></b> . The first mention of the Maa
Confederation was <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk47253576">M. Desplanges, <i>in Origines des
Populations Nigeriennes</i> in the journal <b><u>Anthropologie</u></b> (17,
1906, pp.525-546)</a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Maaites wrote their inscriptions in Thinite. I discuss
many of the Thinite inscriptions in my book <b><u>African Origin World Writing
Systems</u></b> . <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Maaites used a <i>lingua franca</i> of the <b><i>Su</i></b>
people. The <b><i>Su</i></b> people were Malinke-Bambara.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i>Su</i></b> founded the Minoan, Xi
civilization of China and the Elamite civilization.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The inscriptions around the Oasis Temple are text that were
meant to help the Believer organize their response to existence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They saw these grounds as sacred
territory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Figure 6, Illustration 6,
we see <b><i>To ni </i></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“This raising
ground the principle of Life” ;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and
Illustration 10, we read <b><i>Tu I fe gyo Ka</i></b> , “Thine subjects, to the
Order, in the Company of Love consecrated [in] this locatity”. In Figure 2,
Illustration 2, we read <b><i>Po fe I gyo</i></b> , “Pure Love in the company
of this sacre [place] of the Divinity”. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The text were meant to help the Believer organize their
response to existence. The inscriptions on the rocks around the Oasis Temple,
they did not believe you needed a priest to be the intermediary between man and
God.<o:p></o:p></div>
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At the Temple site worshippers have engrave Thinite
testimonies on local rocks. The inscriptions are dedications by worshippers
acknowledge their allegiances to their local cult and God. <o:p></o:p></div>
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We do have some inscriptions where <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Igai was probably mentioned. In Illustration
12, we see two inscriptions that were probably aimed at Igai. There we read <b><i>I
ga gyo gbe pa Iga(i),</i></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Thine
House of the congregation [an] unblemished talisman of Igai’; and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I<b><i>ga gyo ka I gbe pa I fe pa ii </i></b>,
“Igai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I ga gbe I [is] consecrated to the
cult [in] this unblemished land is a mark of admiration here [there is] much
Love in the company of [this mark of admiration]”. Igai is also mentioned in
Illustration 15, <b><i>Iga gbe I fe da</i></b> , “ Igai thou unblemished Love
in these environs.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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There are a number of selected words used by the worshippers
at the Temple. These words illustrates the Believer’s veneration of their God.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The temple text provide us with the principles held by the
Believers of the Temple. The most common term on the rocks<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>include gbe ‘unblemished, conviction, white,
clear and virtue’; plus the word gyo “Divinity of the cult, talisman effective
in providing one with virtue, or an object consecrated to the cult”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Believers at the Temple so the site as a talisman for
“Goodness” In Illustration15 we read <b><i>le li gbe I gyo I gyo</i></b> , “Indeed
unbleimished Goodness. The unblemished talisman [the house] is consecrated to
the cult”. In Figure 1, Illustration 1 we see <b><i>Gyo Fe</i></b> , “This
[place] a talisman effective in providing one with Virtue and Love”. In
Illustration 16, we see <b><i>Fe I gyo ba I ba yo su gyo ko gyo I gyo li</i></b>
, “Robust Love in the company of the Divinity, the Vigorous vital spirit
[exist] in this domicle. The Object consecrated to the Cult, is an object of
Respect in the company of this talisman consecrated to Goodness”. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The idea of Goodness is a predominate theme in the Temple
inscriptions. It illustrates<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that the
Believers sought to be Good, at the Temple. In Figure 3, Illustration 3,<b><i>
I gyo su fe I </i></b>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“In the company
of the Divinity of the cult this domicile of Thine Love [Oh] God”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Temple was seen as a place where God dwelled<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i>ko i </i></b>, “in the company of God”.They
recognized the site as a place of Unity, Love and the ‘vital spirit’ bequeath
to man by God. In Figure 2 and Illustration 2, it was written <b><i>Be lu fe</i></b>
, “[Here] Unite and hold up right Love”; and Illustration 13<b><i>, Be po gyu</i></b>
, “Unite purity and the spirit of tranquility”. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Believer saw the Temple as a site where
the presence of God, existed as a vital spirit, noted in Figure 2, Illustration
2: <b><i>Po yu gyo</i></b> , “[The] Pure vital spirit [is] this Object [Temple]
consecrated to the cult”; and Illustration 9<b><i>, Fe lu po yo</i></b> , “Hold
upright the pure spirit [of the Divinity]”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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To followers of the cult had firm conviction that the Temple
was seen like a Raising Star, as noted<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>in Figure 1 Illustration 1<b><i>, ki gba ta</i></b> ,” [Like] the
raising star the terrain is sacred”. The Temple<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>was a place where man could learn much about the cult at<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>this abode of God<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i>Ti i ba gba Ko </i></b>, [Knowledge]
delivered here [at] the vigorous abode of God”( see Illustration 9). At the <b><i>gba
Ko</i></b> ‘abode of God’ the adherents to the cult were <b><i>I tu </i></b>,’
obedient to the Law [of] the cult” (see Illustration 9). It was at the Temple
the Believer would find Tranquility . In Figure 2 Illustration 2 we see Lu gyu
fe , “Hold upright the spirit of tranquility and Love”; because the Temple was
a place with Gyu I , “In the company [of] the Spirit of Tranquility”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The adherent to the Temple faith was to be excited about his
faith and show zeal in support of the cult. And in Figure 1 Illustration 1, it
was written <b><i>Pa ka ngbe</i></b> , “much excitement and virtue”, and <b><i>Ba
I gyu</i></b> , “Thine Powerful base [of] zeal [for God]” (see Illustration 8).
<o:p></o:p></div>
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Thusly the Believer was acknowledged as an envoy of the
Divinity and the Mystic Order.. In Figure 2, Illustration 2, <b><i>Ki tu le i</i></b>
, “Envoy on a mission [to support the cult] obedient to the Order indeed in
Thine Company”, and <b><i>le I ta</i></b> ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>“Certainly in the Company of the Mystic Order” or “Thine [God] envelopes
the sacred entrance”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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It was demanded by the cult, that one remained obedient to
the Order, Figure 6 Illustration 6<b><i>, To ni</i></b> , “Obedience to the
Order is the principle of Life”, and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i>I
to ni</i></b> , “Thine obedience to the Order is the principle of Life”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Th e testimonals often made it clear that le , enveloping of
the entrance to the temple. In Illustration14, <b><i>Fe le I yo gyo fe be le
gyo I</i></b> , “Love envelopes the entrance to the house [of God] the vital
spirit of the Divinity and Love United in [land] consecrated to the cult”.
There is frequent mention of <b><i>ga </i></b>, house of the family, used in
the testimonials on the rocks. In the case of <b><i>ga</i></b> , in relation to
these inscriptions probably means’ house of the congregation’. In Illustration
12, we see two inscriptions that were probably aimed at Igai. There we read I
ga gyo gbe pa Iga(i),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Thine House of
the congregation [an] unblemished talisman of Igai’.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Temple was recognized as the house of the Divinity. In
Illustration 10, we see <b><i>Pe lo gyo</i></b> , “The infinite [house]
consecrated to the cult”. In Figure 4, Illustration 4, Ga Gyo “[Here] the House
of the Divinity of the cult”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Temple lands were recognize as a superior location. In
Figure 3, Illustration 3 we see <b><i>Ka se gyo</i></b> , “The narrow superior
entrance [to the Temple] is an Object consecrated to the Divinity”. It was also
seen as a place of rest as illustrated in Figure 4, Illustration 4, <b>Gyo to</b>
, “The Object consecrated to the Cult is a place of rest”. In general the
Temple grounds were considered Holy Ground, as noted in Figure 6, Illustration
6, <b><i>Le gyo</i></b> , “Indeed an area consecrated to the Divinity”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Temple inscription often call on the Believer to<b><i>
su</i></b> , make libations to<b><i> Ko</i></b> ‘God’: <b><i>Su Ko</i></b> ,
Offer the libation to God”, and in fact the Temple was seen as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i>Ge su gba I</i></b> , “to live as a
sacrifice fixed in the ground”. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The writers of the Temple text, made it clear that Believers
should <b><i>lu</i></b> , hold upright <b><i>Fe</i></b> ‘Love’. Sharing
Love<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to others was recognized as a
Libation to God<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk47250161">. In Illustration 12, we <b><i>see Ka fe
su I</i></b> , “The zeal of Love is thine Libations”</a>. As a result, Fe
‘Love’ was a major request of the cult followers. In Figure 4 Illustration 4,
we read <b><i>Lu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ge Fe Gyo</i></b> ,
“Hold upright and sprout Love [ of the Object consecrated to the Divinity”. A
Temple Believer noted in Illustration 12, is <b><i>I gyo gyo fe i </i></b>,
“Thine unblemished Divinity of the cult [is] Loved here”.It was at this Temple
the cult follower was to <b><i>Fe po lu</i></b> , “Pure Love Hold it upright.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Another interesting term used in the Temple text is <b><i>Ka
. Ka</i></b> means ‘zeal’. . In Illustration 12, we <b><i>see Ka fe su I</i></b>
, “The zeal of Love is thine Libations” . It become visible that the Believer
felt the followers of the cult should be active worshippers of the cult.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The cult followers were working to further the cult and
belief in God because it was recognized as a mark of Admiration. Thusly we have
in Illustration Gyo pa pa be , “This Object of Respect [the Temple] consecrated
to the Divinity is a mark of Admiration and much subsistence”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Believer was to present a character of Goodness
. In Illustration 13, we read <b><i>li fe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yo pe I gyo</i></b> , “Goodness, Love and the vast vital spirit [of the
Divinity] in the company of the Divinity of the cult”. A Good character was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>considered the normal behavior of the
adherent to the cult <b><i>Po lu se</i></b> , ‘Extensive superior Good’
(Illustration 8); and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i>Fe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>li lu</i></b> , “To desire to hold upright
moral approval (see Figure 3 Illustration 3).<o:p></o:p></div>
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In summary, the Temple text were meant to help the Believer
organize their response to existence. To these followers of the Temple the
Divinity was usually nameless and recognized as just<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i>Ko</i></b> ‘God’.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><i>Ko</i></b> , God was not hidden. Temple cult followers
saw God as a living God. They did not not give a particular name to their
God,because it was assumed that everyone in the cult knew God. And God , to the
cult followers was ever present in the consciousness and world of the Believer,
and therefore since they knew God personally, they did not have to represent
their God iconographically, because he was alive in the heart of the Believer.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Temple text allowed the Believer to communicate
intimately with God. The Temple text were meant to help the Believer organize
their response to everyday living. As a result, the text suggest that Temple
Believers did not need a priest as the intermediary between man and God.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finally, the Temple text , were life manuscript, because
they sought from God guidance in communicating and interacting with your fellow
man. These text indicate that it was accepted by all, that God exist and was
known by every member of society. As a result, they did not have to give their
God a specific name. To the Temple Believer it was recognized that God was a
vital spirit infused inside each Believer.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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References:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pope,J.(2019). Figural Graffiti from the Meroitic Era on
Philae Island. In <b><u>Along the Nile and Beyond</u></b>, Eds Geoff Emberling
and Suzanne Davis. Kelsey Museum Publication 16, pp.71-86.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
M. Desplanges,M. (1906). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Origines des Populations Nigeriennes <u>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Anthropologie</b></u> ,17: pp.525-546.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Winters, C. (2013). <b><u>Before
Egypt: The Maa Confederation, Africa?s First Civilization </u></b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Winters, C<u>. <b><i>Archaeological Decipherment of Ancient
Writing Systems</i></b></u> .<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Winters, C. <b><i><u>African Origin World Writing Systems</u></i></b><u>
</u>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Below are the Old Temple Inscriptions.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 4</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Illustration 2</td></tr>
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Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-6299810114403397352020-06-16T07:34:00.001-07:002020-06-17T03:54:02.755-07:00 The Etymology of ḫЗšt and k3š= Kush<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">I don't know the etymological meaning of<b><i> Wawat</i></b>. The etymology of kushite: ḫ_s, is determined by geography and ethnicity. The vowel associated with <b><i>K_sh</i></b> can be an /a/,/e/ or /u/. The root word is interpreted as a geographical term probably meaning hilly area.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The surrounding non Kush populations usually refered to the people living in these hilly areas as "blacks" or Nehesy. Thusly, Kush would mean "hilly land where the Nehesy [from the Sudan] live. I have not been able to determine what the etymology of Kush is based on the Kushite languages up to now.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The Kushites were originally called ḫЗšt ,Ta-Seti, Nehesy and Tehenu by the Egyptians The Kushites were called </span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">ḫ3s.t(j)</b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;"> beginning in Narmer’s time, and k3š in Middle Egyptian beginning with the 18th Dynasty.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The Kushites were called ḫЗst from Nubia and Taleh (Lower Egypt) into the Levant. Kushites had early settled in the Levant since Narmer times. We find Narmer's name on jars and serekhs from excavations in Israel and Palestine , for example Tel Erani, Arad, 'En Besor, Halif Terrace/Nahal Tillah and more(4). A bulla dating to this period makes it clear that this part of the Negev was called</span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"> ḫЗts.t</b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;"> ("Kush") or</span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"> ḫ3s.tj </b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">("Kushite").</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The Old Kingdom rulers also referred to the Kusites in Nubia as ḫ3st .</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Most researchers accept the contemporary meaning of Gardiner's N25 symbol as "Rulers of foreign lands" not Kush”. But this was not the first meaning assigned this sign. Breasted translated N25, as</span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"> "heqa ḫ3st "</b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">. In my book the </span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Kushites, Who, What, When, Where</b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">, I explain that the Hyksos were Blacks native to Lower Egypt.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Semantically reading N25 as "Rulers of foreign land" is unintelligent, for example “Wawat Rulers of foreign lands” , is incorrect, because Wawat was the name of a nation, not a king. As a result, ḫ3st, was used to identify the nationality of the Wawat, Kau and other Kushite = </span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">ḫ3st</b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Thusly, the inscription of Weni line 46 : “His majesty made war on the Asiatic Sand-dwellers and his majesty made an army of many ten thousands; in the entire South, southward to Elephantine, and northward to Aphroditopolis [Busiris]; in the Northland on both sides entire in the [stronghold], and in the midst of the [strongholds], among the Irthet "heqa ḫ3st [Kusites], the Mazoi "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], the Yam "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Wawat "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Kau "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], and in the land of Temeh.”</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The Hyksos were also referred to as ḫ3st. The Hyksos ruled from 1650-1550.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The New Kingdom lasted from 1549-1292. During the New Kingdom Egyptians used the name </span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Aamw</b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">, as a generic name for the Asian, the term : Habiru, was ethnonym for one of the Asian tribes. It is clear that if the Habiru and Heqa Khasut were the same people, they would have had the same name given the fact the New Kingdom, began at the end of the Heqa Khasut Dynasty.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">There are many Hyksos inscription where they were identified as </span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">ḫ3st</b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;"> . The Hyksos door jamb signs reads “King of the Kushites. ḫ3st is also found on the Hyksos scarabs. These scarabs often begin with the title Heqa ḫ3st and the plural marker III, and should read “King of the Kushites”.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">This is obvious when we look at the Khnumhotep II, inscription. Here we see above a Nubian ibis heqa ḫЗst, under the ibis is the name Abisharie. This inscription reads: "The Kushite King Abisharie".</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The Greeks called Kush: Ethiopia.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The earliest mention of the term k3š , is mentioned on the Buhen stela from the Sety1 (1294-1279). Kush was also written</span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"> “KSH” </b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">in Egyptian text dating between 1550-1069 BC.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The native name of the Kingdom was recorded in Egyptian as k3š, based on the New Kingdom-era Akkadian transliteration as the genitive</span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"> kūsi</b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">It is also an ethnic term for the native population who initiated the kingdom of Kush. The term is also displayed in the names of Kushite persons, such as King Kashta (a transcription of</span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"> k3š-t3</b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;"> "(one from) the land of Kush"). Geographically, Kush referred to the region south of the first cataract in general. Kush also was the home of the rulers of the 25th dynasty.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">Some researchers believe Kush was derived from <b><i>Qvs</i></b>. Kush can not be derived from Qevs, there is no 'v', in Meroitic.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><img alt=" - " height="235" src="http://olmec98.net/kusho.8.jpg" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" width="400" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">The Meroites called themselves</span><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"> Qus</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">, but we may never know the exact meaning of Kush. L. Torok and J. Leclant have found In the Meroitic text that the Meroites referred to themselves as Qeš. I noted that in the Tanyidamani Stelas the Meroites called themselves Kushites/Qoshites. In the Tanyidamani inscription we read</span><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"> Qor ene Tañyidamani ne al e Qosne I bl p mni </b><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">, “The Monarch, the Commander, the good and noble Tañyidamani, give [this] Kushite leave to praise and to supplicate Amani”.</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"><b>The Handbook of Oriental Studies </b>(New York:Brill,1997) out lines the history of the term Kush in relation to the Kushites on pages 2-3. Torok points out that the name for the first ruler of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, Kashta, probably meant "the Kushite" his nomen was</span><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"> k3š-t3 "</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">of the land of Kush". He also noted that Kush, also appears as the ancestral kingdom of Piya in his Sandstone Stela and King Arqamani in the Second Century BC received the mortuary Horus name "The Kushite whose-coming-into-being -is divine".</span><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">The textual evidence make it obvious that the people of Meroe, and earlier rulers of Kerma and Napata from the same region, may have called themselves Kushites.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><img alt=" - " src="http://olmec98.net/heqa12.jpg" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">The people of Upper Nubia and the Sudan were known in Egyptian as</span><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"> k-'-s</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"> and </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">k-'-s-I</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">, as ḫЗts.t or Khasut which corresponds to Kashit and </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">k3š-t3</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">. The Hebrew people called the Kushites kus. In the cuneiform inscriptions the Sudanese were called</span><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"> Kusiya.</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"> In the Ethiopic inscriptions of Ezana, the Kushites were called </span><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">Kashi</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"> or</span><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"> Kasu.</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"> In Sumerian the Kushites were called Melukha =</span><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"> Kasi</b><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"> and Kasi = Kush. The Meroites identified themselves as</span><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;"> Qoš, Qes, Qos.</b><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><br style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;" /><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial;">.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">In conclusion, the presence </span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">ḫ3st </b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">in Line 46 of the Weni Inscription and the Narmer bulla indicates that since this area was called </span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">ḫЗts.t or Kush, since Narmer ruled the area he was a </b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Kushite.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The </span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">k3š </b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">seems to have been used to refer to the Kushites during the New Kingdom.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The modern interpretation of Gardiner’s Egyptian sign N25 as</span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;"> ḫЗts.t </b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">is wrong. There is no evidence that /t/ should be added to </span><b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">ḫЗts.t</b><span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">, as a result I believe N25 was originally ḫЗs, not ḫЗst . Writing just Heqa ḫЗst means Kushite King, while adding three lines makes the plural: King of the Kushites.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Thusly on the Semqen scarab we have Semqen king of the Kushites. On the Khnumhotep II Beni Hassan inscription we have Heqa ḫЗst in front of the lead Hyksos above the Nubian ibis, and the name Abisharie below heqa ḫЗst.</span><br />
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<img alt=" - " src="http://olmec98.net/heqa11.png" height="274" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" width="400" />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-91267607312947892482020-06-11T04:19:00.001-07:002020-06-11T04:19:54.257-07:00Pioneering study proves Olmec DNA is African DNA<br />
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The Olmec people were Mande speaking people who migrated to
Mexico around 1200 BC. This was supported by the fact that they called
themselves Xi and the textual evidence found in Izapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stela #5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Izapa Stela # 5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>shows the Olmecs
sailing on a boat to Mexico.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This reality was further confirmed by Olmec skeletons , and
inscribed Olmec artifacts excavated on Olmec sites. The decipherment of the
Olmecs text indicated they spoke a Malinke-Bambara language that belongs to the
Mande family of languages.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<img alt=" - " height="366" src="http://olmec98.net/mande21.jpg" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" width="640" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" /><img alt=" - " height="259" src="http://olmec98.net/mandeolmecwr.png" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" width="400" /></div>
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We now have Olmec DNA. Enrique<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Villamar Becerril (1),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has found that the Olmec carried mtDNA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A, which is a subclade of the Macrohaplogroup
N. Haplogroup N originated in Africa.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Enrique wrote: "The pioneering study of ADNMT carried
out on Olmec individuals, one from San Lorenzo and the other from Loma del
Zapote, resulted, in both cases, in the unequivocal presence of the distinctive
mutations of the “A” maternal lineage. That is, the origin of the Olmecs is not
in Africa but in America, since they share the most abundant of the five
mitochondrial haplogroups characteristic of the indigenous populations of our
continent: A, B, C, D and X. “<o:p></o:p></div>
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The discovery that the Olmec carried haplogroup A does not
prevent the Olmec from being African as claimed by Villamar Bercerril , because
foundational Blacks in the United States and Africans, including the Mande
speakers carry mtDNA A, X and etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There are no “pure” Mexindians. Lisker (5) noted that
between 5-50% of Indian genes are African genes. The Mixe, Zenu , Wayuu and other
Mexican groups with YAP+ associated A-G transition at DYS271. Haplotype
DYS271<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is of African origin. In
addition,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Maya speaking Ch’ol and
Chontal at Campeche carry R-M173, E1b1b, K and T. These are DNA haplogroups
common to Africans.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p><img alt=" - " height="237" src="http://olmec98.net/blackgenes.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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Indian y-chromosome
haplogroups C and D show African admixture at locus DYS271.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The American mtDNA haplogroups A and B are
part of the haplogroup N macrohaplogroup. <o:p></o:p></div>
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African people carry mtDNA A common to mongoloid Native
Americans and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>y-chromosome R, so they probably
passed on these genes to mongoloid Native Americans<o:p></o:p></div>
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The mtDNA A haplogroup common to Mexicans is also found
among the Mande speaking people and some East Africans (2-4). Haplogroup A is
found among Mixe and Mixtecs (2).The Mande speakers carry mtDNA haplogroup A,
is common among Mexicans (4). In addition to the Mande speaking people of West
Africa, Southeast Africa Africans also carry mtDNA haplogroup A (3).<o:p></o:p></div>
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In addition to DNA, the Spanish explorers reported many
Africans in Mexico. The Spanish explorers mentioned Black Nations and Black
tribes in the Americas, they met, even before African slaves were landed in
America. The Spanish said the Aztecs were Negroes.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paul Gaffarel noted
that when Balboa reached America he found "negre veritables" or true Blacks.
Balboa noted "...Indian traditions of Mexico and Central America indicate
that Negroes were among the first occupants of that territory." This is
why so many Mexicans have "African faces".<o:p></o:p></div>
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In conclusion, Olmec have left us many skeletons, and textual
evidence indicating that they were Mande speakers. We have also illustrated
that The Spanish found many African communities when they came to America. As ,
a result, it is only natural that the Olmecs carried African genes like mtDNA
haplogroup A. Moreover the presence of haplogroup A among the Olmec, result
from Mande speakers carrying this haplogroup in Africa.<o:p></o:p></div>
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References:<o:p></o:p></div>
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1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Villamar Becerril Enrique, “Estudios de ADN y el origen de los olmecas”,
Arqueología </div>
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Mexicana, núm. 150, pp. 40-41.<o:p></o:p></div>
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2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bonilla C, Gutierrez G, Parra E J, Kline C, Shriver M D. (2005).
Admixture of a rural population of the State of Guerrero,Mexico, Am J Phys
Anthropol. Dec;128(4):861-9.<o:p></o:p></div>
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3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Salas A, Richards M, De la Fe T, Lareu M V, Sobrino B, Sanchez-Diz P,
Macaulay V, Carracedo A. (2002). The making of the West African mtDNA
Landscape, Am J. Hum. Genet, 71:1082-1111.<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jackson B A, Wilson J L, Kirbah S, Sidney S S, Bassie L, Alle J A D,
McLean D C Garvey W T.(2005). Am J Phys Anthropol. 128:156-163. <o:p></o:p></div>
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5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Suarez-Diaz,(2014) Indigenous populations in Mexico. Medical
anthropology in the Work of Ruben Lisker in the 1960’s. Studies in History and
Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 47 (p.117)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-15581258826634938852020-06-09T09:30:00.002-07:002020-06-09T09:30:38.103-07:00We need a True History of the Nile Valley not just a History of Ancient Egypt<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--bOjTJT2Wng/Xt-3wk1cqAI/AAAAAAAAGiU/3OlUc5uZt68jOdu5MesJVjyzUBPCytnoACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/kushspread.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="394" height="257" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--bOjTJT2Wng/Xt-3wk1cqAI/AAAAAAAAGiU/3OlUc5uZt68jOdu5MesJVjyzUBPCytnoACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/kushspread.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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No one can deny that ancient Egypt was the greatest Civilization of Africa and that it led to the rise of Western Eurasia.</div>
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But we need to teach the world the role Nile Valley Kushites played in World History.</div>
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Europeans want to maintain the view that Kush was always ruled by Egypt and that Egypt was non-Black civilization. This is a false perspective. Both the Kushite and Egyptian civilizations were Bl<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;">ack.</span></div>
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We must move away from this Eurocentric view of history, and look at Nile Valley Kushite history as an independent history from the history of Egypt..We are beginning to see now that Kushites were not just called Nehesy,they also called ḫ3s.t(j) beginning in Narmer’s time into the Old Kingdom, and k3š in Middle Egyptian beginning with the 18thDynasty.</div>
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The new history of the Nile Valley Kushites from Nubia up to Lower Egypt , must acknowledge that the Kushites spread civilization into Eurasia. It is a history that acknowledges Egypt as a great Black Civilization--but maintains that Egypt was mainly concerned with Egypt.</div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-efzqEBwg0DU/Xt-4lcxS29I/AAAAAAAAGio/gs8_nrUjA_QCHSNJBSlFiil2rERMHLfdwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/kush0.6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="720" height="177" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-efzqEBwg0DU/Xt-4lcxS29I/AAAAAAAAGio/gs8_nrUjA_QCHSNJBSlFiil2rERMHLfdwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/kush0.6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="white-space: normal;">KemtUr S. Elagip has set the standard that all research and history regarding African people must meet " without discrimination and exclusion. ". To me this idea that one people or tribe can make history in isolation, is false . </span></div>
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<span style="white-space: normal;">The great African empires Egypt, Kerma, Meroe, Mali, Songhay, had leaders who may have come from a partucular tribe, formed Federations or Confederations made up of varied tribes seeking One goal rising up the nation and the people of the Confederation. Ancient Black civilizations were founded on the idea of inclusion To these wise men there was no single religion or tribe better than any other tribe.. Truely, the history of the greatest Blacks civilizations were based on "WE"--not "I".</span></div>
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In summary Kushites possessed a worldview, which led them to explore much of Africa and Eurasia.This history will show that the civilizations of Sumer and India were also founded by Kushites from the Nile Valley. The Sumerians acknowledge their Kushite origins when they declared their kings were the kings of Kish; while in India the ancient Purana and Pali literature identifies the Nile Valley as the origin of Indian <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ATC.AncientTamilCivilization?fref=gs&__tn__=%2CdK-R-R&eid=ARCc1SOZj1kArZaFKMNgUlCJ8VT1EXjaS4qzIvPTPfLe9UhBLZkpEW7F8KEd_c5GWzzbeepXzp5CL_6Q&dti=958111514245590&hc_location=group" style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;">Civilization</a>. The Puranas of India claim Kushites ruled the world for 7000 years.</div>
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Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-11096537252124585302020-06-08T14:00:00.000-07:002020-06-08T14:00:51.929-07:00Buddha came from Nubia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3AkHxi4PQ6M/Xt6mIo_XbBI/AAAAAAAAGho/3SY0s3ynD9Mp8wJLuNvd2sVCyCqfScKCwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/buddhas.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="344" data-original-width="663" height="166" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3AkHxi4PQ6M/Xt6mIo_XbBI/AAAAAAAAGho/3SY0s3ynD9Mp8wJLuNvd2sVCyCqfScKCwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/buddhas.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Buddhism originated in the Nile Valley. Anta Diop in <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk42523707">The African Origin of Civilization </a>. wrote that “It
would seem that Buddha was an Egyptian priest, chased from Memphis by the
persecution of Cambyses. This tradition would justify the portrayal of Buddha
with woolly hair. Historical documents do not invalidate this tradition…There
is general agreement today on placing in the sixth century not only Buddha but
the whole religious and philosophical movement in <st1:place w:st="on">Asia</st1:place>
with Confucius in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region></st1:place>,
Zoroaster in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Iran</st1:country-region></st1:place>.
This would confirm the hypothesis of a dispersion of Egyptian priests at that
time spreading their doctrine in <st1:place w:st="on">Asia</st1:place>.
(p.287)”<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The ancient literature of India written in the Epic Purana and
Pali text support<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diop’s view that
Buddhism originated in Africa<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk42523479">. Dr. Liny Srinivasan in
her books<b><u> Desi </u></b>(2011) and<b><u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Crete to Egypt: Missing Links of the Rigveda </u></b>(2013) </a>explains
that the priests of the Epic Purana and Rigveda came from the Nile Valley and
Levant; and the history mentioned in these text is about these regions not
India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Dr Liny explains (2011,2013) that much of Pali and Epic Purana
literature is about the Nile Valley, especially Kush called <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk42523120">Ka</a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk42523120;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">š</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk42523120;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">i (Kashi) </span></span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lower Egypt during and after <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the fall of the Hyksos Dynasty . She maintains
that after the fall of the Hyksos in Lower Egypt there was a dispersal of
Kushite priest and mercenaries into the Levant and Anatolia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Egyptians called Lower Egypt: Tameh. The people of Tameh
were called</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk42523312"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk42523005"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk42523312;"><b><i>ḫЗst </i></b></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk42523312;"><b><i>.</i></b></span><b><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></b>This name for the people of Lower
Egypt, the Levant and Nubia goes back to Narmer times. The Kushites were called
ḫЗst in Africa and the Levant. Kushites had early settled in the Levant since
Narmer times. We find<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Narmer's name<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on jars and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>serekhs from excavations in Israel and Palestine , for example Tel
Erani, Arad, 'En Besor, Halif Terrace/Nahal Tillah and more . A bulla dating to
this period makes it clear that this part of the Negev was called <b>ḫЗts.t</b>
("Kush") or <b><i>ḫ3s.tj</i></b> ("Kushite").<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Egyptian term for Kushites<b><i> ḫЗst</i></b> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>agrees with <b><i>Kaši </i></b>(Kashi) the
Pali and Purana text name for Nubia. After the Old Kingdom of Egypt, the Nubian
Kushites were usually referred to as Nehesy. During the New Kingdom the Kushites
in Lower Egypt were called <b><i>ḫЗst </i></b>. and the Nubian Kushites were
called <b><i>K3</i></b></span><b><i><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">š .</span></i></b><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In relation to Buddhism
Dr. Liny (2013) explained that the Pali text, makes it clear that the original
Budhha, Bodhisatta was born a prince of Kaši (Kashi) or a viceroy of Kaši
(Kashi) (p.379). This Buddha was called Chanda,Chendak or Chenda-Kumara in the
land of Gold, i.e., Egyptian <b><i>Nub</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Gautama Buddha was also a Kushite. He was born in the city of
Kapilavastu. Dr. Srinivasan (2013) says that Kapilavastu, is the Kushite city
of Byblos or Egyptian Kpn (p.45). Gautama Buddha was born c. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>563 and died in 483 BC. He was a member the
Saka, tribe which Dr. Srinivasan claims originated in Nubia. He was a Kushite priest
that preached in Kapilvastu or Byblos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Indian literature establishes the Buddha in</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Kaši (Kashi) Nub, and Heliopolis. The Pali literature
claims he was born in Saka. The Egyptian coffin text, according to Dr.
Srinivasan (2013) is mentioned in the Egyptian coffin text to a riparian land
called the “Land of Sk”. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr. Srinivasan explains that the ‘Land of Sk’,
is associated with the “House of the Red Crown”—the royalties of the Lower
Egyptian Kingdom” in the Delta. Chanda Buddha was a priest at Heliopolis and
Memphis before he was forced out of Egypt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Beja tribal people were called Blemmyes in ancient times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Blemmyes may have played an important role
in Buddhist because Blemmyae, a prominent group in the Meroitic Sudan are
mentioned in Pali text Tipitaka .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Some Meroites<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>played an
important role in Buddhist because Blemmyae, a prominent group in the Meroitic
Sudan are mentioned in Pali text Tipitaka (see:JDM Derrett, (2002) A Blemmya in
India, Numen 49:460-474). Dr.Derrett wrote that in early Pali text " we
have a Blemmya (an African) in front rank Buddhist texts of very respectable
age (p.465).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Buddhist text where Blemmya were mentioned are very old. The
Vinaya pitaka, is dated to the 4th century B.C.E.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">If Blemmya are mentioned in Buddhists text we can be sure that
Meroites were not ignorant of Kharosthi. This would explain why many of the
Meroitic symbols agree with Kharosthi. They agree because some Meroites were
probably already literate in Kharosthi due to the influence of Buddhism in the
Meroitic Empire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Egyptian historical literature makes it clear that Buddhism
was practiced by Nile valley populations in Lower Egypt, and Nubia. Memphis was
a center of Buddhist worship. This makes Diop's mention of Memphis <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>quite interesting because it is here that
Petrie (1908) found evidence of Buddhist colonist in Egypt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Petrie claimed the
iconography date d back to the Persian period of Egyptian rule (c 525-405BC).
he wrote:"on the right side, at the top is the Tibetan Mongolian, below
that the Aryan woman of the Punjab, and at the base a seated figure in Indian
attitude with the scarf over the left shoulder. These are the first remains of
Indians known on the <st1:place w:st="on">Mediterranean</st1:place>. Hitherto
there have been no material evidences for that connection which is stated to
have existed, both by embassies from <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region></st1:place> and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Syria</st1:country-region></st1:place> to <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>, and by the great Buddist
mission sent by Asoka as far west as <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Greece</st1:country-region></st1:place> and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Cyrene</st1:city></st1:place>. We seem now to have touched the
Indian colony in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Memphis</st1:city></st1:place>,
and we may hope for more light on that connection which seems to have been so
momentous for Western thought" (p.129).</span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NJRJqzyQVbQ/Xt6mmeGGI-I/AAAAAAAAGh0/9fqAG5y8PT0IqyIdBZCs4PNuMMvDzhIegCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/buddaMeroitic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="723" data-original-width="944" height="245" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NJRJqzyQVbQ/Xt6mmeGGI-I/AAAAAAAAGh0/9fqAG5y8PT0IqyIdBZCs4PNuMMvDzhIegCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/buddaMeroitic.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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If Petrie's <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dating is correct this puts
Buddhists in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region></st1:place>
two hundred years before Asoka, sent Buddhist missionaries to Egypt.The
Classical writers report on Indian sages in the region. This makes it clear
that Buddhist had probably been living in Meroitic Empire and Egypt for 600
years before the Meroites invented Meroitic writing.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">.<br />
In summary Buddha came from Nile Valley . It was the Nehesy and Heqa ḫЗst
people from the Nile Valley, including the Blemmya that were the foundation of
Buddhist doctrine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Reference:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Anta Diop. (1975). <b><i>The
African Origin of Civilization</i></b> .</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">W. M. Flinders Petrie,(1908) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The peoples of the Persian Empire, <b><i>Man</i></b>
(1908) No.71:pp.129-130.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">J.D.M. Derrett, (2002) A Blemmya in India,<b><i> Numen</i></b>
49:460-474<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">,</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Thomas E
Levy,David Alon,Yorke M. RowanYorke M. Rowan.(1997). Egyptian-Canaanite
Interaction at Nahal Tillah, Israel (ca. 4500-3000 B. C. E.): An Interim Report
on the 1994-1995 Excavations. Available from 6/8/2020; <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302287010_Egyptian-Canaanite_Interaction_at_Nahal_Tillah_Israel_ca_4500-3000_B_C_E_An_Interim_Report_on_the_1994-1995_Excavations/figures?lo=1">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302287010_Egyptian-Canaanite_Interaction_at_Nahal_Tillah_Israel_ca_4500-3000_B_C_E_An_Interim_Report_on_the_1994-1995_Excavations/figures?lo=1</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">.Liny Srinivasan (2011<b>). Desi</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Liny Srinivasan . (2013) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i>Crete to Egypt: Missing Links of the
Rigveda</i></b> .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-69578900972909690252020-06-06T07:08:00.001-07:002020-06-06T07:08:10.185-07:00The Tehenu and Tamahu<br />
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The original inhabitants of the Sahara where the Kemetic
civilization originated were Blacks not Berbers or Indo-European speakers
Winters,1994). These Blacks formerly lived in the highland regions of the
Fezzan and Hoggar until after 4000 BC. This ancient homeland of the Dravidians,
Egyptians, Sumerians, Niger-Kordofanian-Mande and Elamite speakers is called
the Fertile African Crescent. ( Anselin, 1989, p.16; Winters, 1983,1985,1991). </div>
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We call these people the Proto-Saharans (Winters 1985,1991). The generic term
for this group is Kushite. This explains the analogy between the Bafsudraalam
languages outlined briefly above (Winters, 1994). These Proto-Saharans were
called Ta-Seti and Tehenu by the Egyptians. Farid (1985,p.82) noted that
"We can notice that the beginning of the Neolithic stage in Egypt on the
edge of the Western Desert corresponds with the expansion of the Saharan
Neolithic culture and the growth of its population".<o:p></o:p></div>
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The inhabitants of the Fezzan were round headed Africans.
(Jelinek, 1985,p.273) The cultural characteristics of the Fezzanese were
analogous to C-Group culture items and the people of Ta-Seti . The C-Group
people occupied the Sudan and Fezzan regions between 3700-1300 BC (Jelinek
1985).<o:p></o:p></div>
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The inhabitants of Libya were called Tmhw (Temehus). The
Temehus were organized into two groups the Thnw (Tehenu) in the North and the
Nhsj (Nehesy) in the South. (Diop 1986). The Nehesy represented as the singular
Kushite or African type. As a result, in most translations of Egyptian text by
Egyptologists Nehesy, was translated as Negro. They did this to imply that the
Egyptians were non-Black, and only the Nehesy were Blacks in the Nile Valley.<o:p></o:p></div>
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A Tehenu personage is depicted on Amratian period pottery
(Farid 1985 ,p. 84). The Tehenu wore pointed beard, phallic sheath and feathers
on their head.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Temehus are called the C-Group people by archaeologists
(Jelinek, 1985; Quellec, 1985). The central Fezzan was a center of C-Group
settlement. Quellec (1985, p.373) discussed in detail the presence of C-Group
culture traits in the Central Fezzan along with their cattle during the middle
of the Third millennium BC. The Tehenu and Tamehus are depicted on Rameses III
Table of Nations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Temehus or C-Group people began to settle Kush around
2200 BC. The kings of Kush had their capital at Kerma, in Dongola and a
sedentary center on Sai Island. The majority of the Tamehu did not migrate into
Kerma, they remained in the Fezzan and other parts of Libya. The same pottery
found at Kerma is also present in Libya especially the Fezzan.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Temehus/ Tehenu were agro-pastoral population that lived
both in villages and dmi'w 'towns'. The Tehenu lived in the Delta between the
Temehu and the Egyptians. The Egyptians referred to all of the people in this
area most often by the generic tern "Tehenu”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Oric Bates, in the <b><i>The Eastern Libyans</i></b> (1914),
wrote the following<br />
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<b>As you can see from the quote from Bates the Temehu were recognized as an
African population.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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The Tjemhu/Temehu which included the controled an area from
Cyrenaica to Syria. As a result, in textual material from the reign of Ramses
II, there is mention of Temehu towns in Syria<b>. </b>David O'Connor makes it
clear that Ramses III referred to these Temehu by the term Tehenu/ Tjehnyu
(p.64).<o:p></o:p></div>
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The use of different names to describe the Tehenu and Asian
in the Ramses III Table of Nations is understood in relation to the political
and ethnic conditions in Egypt and Western Asia during this period. The
research appears to indicate that the physiognomy of the Libyans had changed by
this time. This resulted , for the most part from the invasion of Egypt by Sea
Peoples in association with the Libu (Libyans).<o:p></o:p></div>
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The members of the coalition that attacked Egypt were led by
Meshesher the wr 'ruler' of the coalition. Each group was led by a "great
one" or a magnate. The Meshwesh were semi-nomads that lived both in
villages and dmi'w 'towns'. The Tehenu lived in the Delta between the Temehu
and the Egyptians. The Egyptians referred to all of the people in this area
most often by the generic tern "Tehenu".<br />
<br /><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EOw27YEx_6g/XtuidLxh46I/AAAAAAAAGhE/PkQe_kjva8ob7gECIL9QWGi1UI6uRIZ7ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/image004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="797" data-original-width="624" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EOw27YEx_6g/XtuidLxh46I/AAAAAAAAGhE/PkQe_kjva8ob7gECIL9QWGi1UI6uRIZ7ACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/image004.jpg" width="250" /></a><br />
<b>The Meshwesh were very hostile to the Tehenu/Tjehnya. In fact, the first
mention of the Meshwesh in Ramses III inscriptions relating to 1188, was the
attack on the Tehenu, by the Meshwqesh, Soped and Sea People .</b></div>
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<b>David O'Connor makes it clear that the the records of Ramses III make it
clear that the Meshweshy "savagely" attacked the Tehenu and looted
their cities during their advance to Egypt (p.35 & 105).</b><br />
<br />
The coalition of the Meshweshy had each unit of the army organized into
"family or tribal ' units under the leadership of a "great one".
As result to understand why the Asian and Tehenu figures on the Table of
Nations are identified differently you have use both the pictorical and textual
material from the reign of Ramses III to understand the representations.<br />
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As a result, Palestianian -Syrian personage or figure D, is labled Tehenu
because he was probably a member of one the Meshwesh units that fought the
Egyptians, thus he was labled Tehenu (<b> David O'Connor (1990).</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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The Meshwesh are different from the Tehenu and the original
Tamehu recorded by the Egyptians prior to the New Kingdom. Below we see the
traditional depiction of a Tamehu, the sidelock, shoulder cape and clean face
note absence of feathers in the hair.<br />
<b><br />
</b>The Meshwesh wore Tehenu traditional costumes but they are not believed to
be real Tehenu. The Tehenu and the Temehu usually wore different costumes. In
the New Kingdom depictions of the Temehu, the Meshwesh have "long chin
beards", like the Syrian-Palestinians and Peoples of the Sea. They wear
kilts, sheaths and capes open at the front tied at one shoulder. Like the
earlierTehenu they wore feathers as a sign of High Status.<br />
<br />
David O'Connor makes it clear that there was "marked hetergeneity of the
Tjemhu" (p.41). The first attack by Libyans on Egypt were led by the Libu
during the 5th year of Ramses III's reign. Diop has provided convincing
evidence that the Libu, later migrated into Senegal, where they presently live
near Cape Verde.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The difference in dress among the Meshwesh and Tehenu, and
their hostility toward the Tehenu, have led many researchers to see the Temehu
of the New Kingdom as a different group from the original Temehu of Egyptian
traditions. O'Connor (p.74) in the work cited above makes it clear that the
Temehu in Ramses III day--"[have] hairstyles, dress and apparently ethnic
type [that] are markedly different from the Tjehnyu/tjemhu of the Old Kingdom
(Osing, 1980,1018-19).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Various explanations have been offered: Wainwright, for example,
concluded that 'Meshwesh was a mixed tribe of Libu like tribesmen with their
native chiefs who become subject to a family of Tjehnu origin'(1962,p.92),
while Osing suggested that the New Kingdowm Tjemhu had displaced or absorbed
the earlier Tjehnyu but had selectively taken over or retained some Tjehnyu
traits, in the case of the rulers for Meshwesh (1980,1019-1020). Dr. O'Connor
is of the opinion "that some rulers of the later New Kingdom Tjemhu
deliberately adopted traits they discovered from the Egyptians to be
characteristic of ancient Tjehnyu/ Tjemhu, so as to increase there prestige, or
in some way had these rtraits imposed upon them by the Egyptians" (p.74).<br />
<b><br />
</b>It is my opinion that given the organiztion of the Libyans into<b> mhwt </b>"family
or tribal groups', sometime prior to 1230 BC over an extended period of time
Indo-European speaking people later to be known as Peoples of the Sea entered
Western Asia and Libya and were adopted by Tehenu families. This adoption of
the new immigrants by Tehenu/Tamehu probably led to the Meshwesh and Soped
adopting Tehenu customs but maintaining their traditional beards,. The original
Temehu, like the Libu probably saw the integration of Sea Peoples into Temehu
society as a way to increase their number and possibily conquer Egypt<b>.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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The C-Group or Temehus also founded the Kerma dynasty of
Kush. Diop (1986, p.72) noted that the "earliest substratum of the Libyan
population was a black population from the south Sahara". Kerma was first
inhabited in the 4th millennium BC (Bonnet 1986). By the 2nd millennium BC
Kushites at Kerma were already worshippers of Amon/Amun and they used a
distinctive black-and-red ware (Bonnet 1986; Winters 1985b,1991). Amon, later
became a major god of the Egyptians during the 18th Dynasty.<o:p></o:p></div>
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References:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anselin,A.(1984). "Zeus, Ethiopien Minos Tamoul",
Carbet Revue Martinique de Sciences Humaines,no. 2:31-50<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bonnet,C. (1986). Kerma: Territoire et Metropole. Cairo:
Instut Francais D'Archeologie Orientale du Caire<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Diop, A.(1987). Precolonial Black Africa. (trans. ) by
Harold Salemson, Westport: Lawrence Hill & Company<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jelinek,J. (1985). "Tillizahren,the Key Site of the
Fezzanese Rock Art". Anthropologie (Brno),23(3):223-275.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
O'Connor,D. (1990) "The nature of Tjemhu (Libyan)
society in later New Kingdom; in Libya and Egypt c1300-750 BC”. (Ed.) by Athony
Leahy (pp.29-113), SOAS Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies and the
Society for Libyan Studies, 1990.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Quellec,J-L le. (1985). "Les Gravures Rupestres Du
Fezzan (Libye)". L'Anthropologie, 89 (3):365-383.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Winters, C.A. (1983). "The Ancient Manding
Script". In Blacks in Science:Ancient and Modern. (ed.) by Ivan van
Sertima, (New Brunswick: Transaction Books) pp.208-215.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
__________. (1985). "The Proto-Culture of the
Dravidians, Manding and Sumerians". Tamil Civilization,3(1):1-9.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
___________. (1991). "The Proto-Sahara". The
Dravidian Encyclopaedia, (Trivandrum: International School of Dravidia).
Linguistics) pp.553-556. Volume l.<o:p></o:p></div>
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__________.(1994) Afrocentrism: A Valid Frame of Reference.
Journal of Black Studies, December 1, 1994, pp.170-90.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-12452530340716005392020-06-06T06:51:00.000-07:002020-06-06T06:51:47.700-07:00Was Narmer a Kushite<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-maqLkbJcQSU/XtudWEEIBUI/AAAAAAAAGf4/TYq9M5ExH9wyR5vHRbkJMZBwtP0f70nDQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/narmer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="795" data-original-width="736" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-maqLkbJcQSU/XtudWEEIBUI/AAAAAAAAGf4/TYq9M5ExH9wyR5vHRbkJMZBwtP0f70nDQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/narmer.jpg" width="296" /></a></div>
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There is epigraphic evidence that indicates that Narmer was
probably a Kushite. Narmer ruled an area extending from the Nile Valley into
the Levant.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Levant had early been settled by people from the Nile
Valley. Beginning as early as 5000 years ago Kushites the <b><i>ḫЗšt,</i></b> lived from the
Nile Valley below Egypt, all the way to the Levant and Anatolia. The Kushites
belonged to the C-Group culture of Nubia. The Kushites spoke Niger-Congo and
Dravidian languages (1) . The Niger-Congo (NC) Superfamily of languages is the
largest family of languages spoken in Africa. Researchers have assumed that the
NC speakers originated in West Africa in the Inland Niger Delta. The research
indicates that the NC speakers originated in the Saharan Highlands 12kya and
belonged to the Ounanian culture (1).<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Ounanian culture is associated with sites in central
Egypt, Algeria, Mali, Mauretania and Niger (1). The Ounanian tradition is
associated with the Niger-Congo phyla (1). This would explain the close
relationship between the Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan languages. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In the Eastern Sahara many individual types of tanged and
shouldered arrowheads occur on early Holocene prehistoric sites along with
Green Saharan/Wavy-line pottery (2-3) . 'Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic' wavy-line,
dotted wavy line and walking-comb pottery was used from Lake Turkana to Nabta
Playa, in Tibesti , Mauritania, on into in the Hoggar, in Niger. This pottery
evolved into the Beaker Bell ceramics of Europe.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Kushites from the Levant and Anatolia took cattle
domestication and millet cultivation to Europe. There is no archaeological
evidence of the herding of Cattle and millet cultivation older than the Nabta
Playa material (4). <o:p></o:p></div>
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At Nabta Playa the people herded cattle and cultivated
crops. The Kushites cultivated pennisetum millet at Nabta Playa (c. 7950 BC )
and probably herded cattle (5-7).<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Kushites were called <b><i>ḫЗst </i></b>in Africa and the Levant.
Kushites had early settled in the Levant since Narmer times. We find<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Narmer's name<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>on jars and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serekhs from
excavations in Israel and Palestine , for example Tel Erani, Arad, 'En Besor,
Halif Terrace/Nahal Tillah and more(4). A bulla dating to this period makes it
clear that this part of the Negev was called <b><i>ḫЗts.t </i></b>("Kush") or <b><i>ḫ3s.tj
</i></b>("Kushite").<o:p></o:p></div>
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The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>presence of this
bulla indicates that since this area was called <b><i>ḫЗts.t</i></b> or Kush, since Narmer
ruled the area he was probably a Kushite. </div>
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The modern interpretation of
Gardiner’s Egyptian sign N25 as ḫЗts.t is wrong.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no evidence that /t/ should be added
to ḫЗts.t, as a result I believe N25 was originally<b><i> ḫЗs,</i></b> not<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk510501578"> </a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk510505203"></a><b><i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk510500895"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk510505203;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk510501578;">ḫЗst</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk510505203;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk510501578;"> </span></span></i></b>.
Writing just Heqa <b><i>ḫЗst</i></b> means Kushite, while adding three lines makes the
plural: Kushites. Thusly on the Semqen scarab we have Semqen king of the
Kushites. On the Khnumhotep II<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beni
Hassan inscription we have Heqa ḫЗst in front of the lead Hyksos above the
Nubian ibis, and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the name Abisharie
below heqa <b><i>ḫЗst</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Kushites were called <b><i>ḫЗšt</i></b> .Ta-Seti and Tehenu by the
Egyptians (1). The Egyptian Pharaoh Sahure referred to the Tehenu leader as
“Hati Tehenu” . The name<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hati,
correspond to the name Hatti for a Kushite tribe in Anatolia. The Hatti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>people often referred to themselves as Kashkas
(9). <o:p></o:p></div>
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The early hunter-gathers and farmers in Europe from the
Levant herded cattle, and cultivated millet.<o:p></o:p></div>
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A center of cattle worship was the Kiseiba -Nabta region in
Middle Africa. At Nabta archaeologists have found the oldest megalithic site
dating to 6000-6500 BC, which served as both a temple and calendar. This site
was found by J. McKim Malville of the University of Colorado at Boulder and
Fred Wendorf of Southern Methodist University.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Kushites spread cultivation of Pennisetum millet and
cattle herding into Anatolia, South Asia and Europe. As cattle herding Kushites
frequently moved from place to place millet was an ideal domesticate.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Millet was an especially favorite crop for the mobile
Kushites because the grains are 1) a high yield per plant; 2) millet is drought
tolerant and can be grown in various terrains; 3) millet has a short growing
season so pastoralists<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>could grow and
harvest their crops in time to move their camp(s); and 4) the panicum millet
has shallow roots so Kushite farmers could cultivate the crop with a hoe (7).<o:p></o:p></div>
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As a result, we have in the archaeological literature the
name Ounan-Harif point. This name was proposed for the tanged points at Nabta
Playa and Bir Kiseiba. Harifian is a specialized regional cultural development
of the Epipalaeolithic of the Negev Desert. Harifian has close connections with
the late Mesolithic cultures of Fayyum and the Eastern Deserts of Egypt, whose
tool assemblage resembles that of the Harifian (8-10).<o:p></o:p></div>
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In summary, The Kushites were called <b><i>ḫЗs</i></b> and<b><i> ḫЗst</i></b> in Africa
and the Levant. Kushites had early settled in the Levant since Narmer times. We
find<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Narmer's name<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on jars and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>serekhs from excavations in Israel and Palestine .For example , Narmer jars
and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serekhs have come from excavations <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at Tel Erani, Arad, 'En Besor, Halif
Terrace/Nahal Tillah and more(4). A bulla dating to this period makes it clear
that this part of the Negev was called <b><i>ḫЗts.t</i></b> ("Kush") or <b><i>ḫ3s.tj</i></b>
("Kushite"). This bulla suggest that Narmer was a Kushite. Obviously
since Narmer ruled the country he would not refer to himself as a foreign ruler
, or foreign land because he ruled the land.<o:p></o:p></div>
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References:<o:p></o:p></div>
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1. Winters, C. (2012). Origin of the Niger-Congo Speakers.
WebmedCentral GENETICS,3(3): WMC003149 doi: 10.9754/journal.wmc.2012.003149<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. Drake N A, Roger M. Blench, Simon J. Armitage, Charlie S.
Bristow, and Kevin H. White. (2010). Ancient watercourses and biogeography of
the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Proceedings of the National Academy of Scienece. 2011 108 (2) 458-462;
published ahead of print December 27,2010, doi:10.1073/pnas.1012231108<o:p></o:p></div>
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3. Vernet R, Ott M, Tarrou L, Gallin A, Géoris-Creuseveau
J.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2007). Excavation of the mound of FA
10 (Banc d'Arguin) and its contribution to the knowledge of the culture
paleolithical Foum Arguin, northwestern Sahara (Translated from French) J Afr
Archaeol 5:17–46.<o:p></o:p></div>
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4. Thomas E Levy,David Alon,Yorke M. RowanYorke M.
Rowan.(1995). Egyptian-Canaanite Interaction at Nahal Tillah, Israel (ca.
4500-3000 B. C. E.): An Interim Report on the 1994-1995 Excavations. Available
from: <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302287010_Egyptian-Canaanite_Interaction_at_Nahal_Tillah_Israel_ca_4500-3000_B_C_E_An_Interim_Report_on_the_1994-1995_Excavations">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302287010_Egyptian-Canaanite_Interaction_at_Nahal_Tillah_Israel_ca_4500-3000_B_C_E_An_Interim_Report_on_the_1994-1995_Excavations</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[accessed Dec 26 2017]<o:p></o:p></div>
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5.Brass, M. (2013). Revisiting a hoary chestnut: the nature
of early cattle domestication in North-East Africa. Sahara (Segrate, Italy),
24, 65–70.<o:p></o:p></div>
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6. Mitchell P., Paul Lane (Ed.),(2013). The Oxford Handbook
of African Archaeology. Oxford .<o:p></o:p></div>
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7. Miller N.F., Robert N Spengler, Michael Frachetti.
(2010). Millet cultivation across Eurasia: Origins, spread, and the influence
of seasonal climate, The Holocene , Vol. 26 10:1566-1575<o:p></o:p></div>
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8. Fregel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R, et al
(2017). Neolithization of North Africa involved the migration of people from
both the Levant and Europe. bioRxiv 191569; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/191569<o:p></o:p></div>
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9.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Winters, C.
(2018). The Kushites: Who, What, When, Where. Createspace.<o:p></o:p></div>
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10. Haplogroup R1 was spread by African Kushites into
Europe. There was no Back Migration from Europe to Africa, <a href="http://bafsudralam.blogspot.com/2018/02/haplogroup-r1-was-spread-by-african.html">http://bafsudralam.blogspot.com/2018/02/haplogroup-r1-was-spread-by-african.html</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-38167617370032724782020-06-06T06:39:00.002-07:002020-06-06T06:39:28.174-07:00Africans from Levant spread R1 and other DNA to ancient Europe<br />
<br />
Ancient human genome-wide data from
a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus
corresponds with eco-geographic regions
Chuan-Chao Wang et al .(2019) , <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330855366_Ancient_human_genome-wide_data_from_a_3000-year_interval_in_the_Caucasus_corresponds_with_eco-geographic_regions">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330855366_Ancient_human_genome-wide_data_from_a_3000-year_interval_in_the_Caucasus_corresponds_with_eco-geographic_regions</a><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nx6Yj5pWXlc/XtuY1skfGwI/AAAAAAAAGfs/fA2cCKd18LAblsOoTgtqbfhHJFoWQ_ygQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/early%2Bdna0.1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="572" data-original-width="574" height="396" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nx6Yj5pWXlc/XtuY1skfGwI/AAAAAAAAGfs/fA2cCKd18LAblsOoTgtqbfhHJFoWQ_ygQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/early%2Bdna0.1.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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Chuan et al (2019), recently published an article that discussed the genomes in Neolithic Europe. The researchers noted that "The steppe
groups from Yamnaya and subsequent pastoralist cultures show evidence for previously
undetected farmer-related ancestry from different contact zones, while Steppe Maykop
individuals harbour additional Upper Palaeolithic Siberian and Native American related
ancestry. " The researchers added that "<b><i> [it ] is also visible in the Y-chromosome haplogroup
distribution, with R1/R1b1 and Q1a2 types in the Steppe and L, J,
and G2 types in the Caucasus cluster </i></b>" This is interesting because the Kushites of the Yamnaya culture mainly carried R1b. These Kushites practiced an agro-pastoral culture.<br />
<br />
The Yamnaya culture bearers came from the Levant. These people based on ancient Bullae identified themselves as Kushites. The Levant had early been settled by people from the Nile
Valley. Beginning as early as 5000 years ago Kushites the<b><i> ḫЗšt,</i></b> lived from the
Nile Valley below Egypt, all the way to the Levant and Anatolia. The Kushites
belonged to the C-Group culture of Nubia. The Kushites spoke Niger-Congo and
Dravidian languages . The Niger-Congo (NC) Superfamily of languages is the
largest family of languages spoken in Africa. Researchers have assumed that the
NC speakers originated in West Africa in the Inland Niger Delta. The research
indicates that the NC speakers originated in the Saharan Highlands 12kya and
belonged to the Ounanian culture .<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5cLOFAVh3yo/XtuV7cTLU1I/AAAAAAAAGfg/CB-412UZkC4ks4mZKHCDiqAk9dpZxVmfgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Bullae%2Bhaqe%2Bkasut.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="360" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5cLOFAVh3yo/XtuV7cTLU1I/AAAAAAAAGfg/CB-412UZkC4ks4mZKHCDiqAk9dpZxVmfgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Bullae%2Bhaqe%2Bkasut.png" width="257" /></a></div>
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The Kushites were called ḫЗst in Africa and the Levant.
Kushites had early settled in the Levant since Narmer times. We find Narmer's name
on jars and serekhs from
excavations in Israel and Palestine , for example Tel Erani, Arad, 'En Besor,
Halif Terrace/Nahal Tillah and more(4). A bulla dating to this period makes it
clear that this part of the Negev was called<b><i> ḫЗts.t </i></b>("Kush") or<b><i> ḫ3s.tj</i></b>
("Kushite").<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hZRu3lTizmk/XtuTF4rbB8I/AAAAAAAAGfY/yJnLCBpeXv02Fise_oZqHnOIW8vhXfVgwCEwYBhgLKs4DAL1Ocqwl_iPBcTWFLtH95RZZp1zo1-uoIZYD_j8C9z69uYDqppGv1pDpMbpbagbSMAzU4_2uu9y43ps28_srdX3UIk8tbwrnWA-j_VD9Xuyi2SYvnY8Gg1LeHeV_yP0M54kiTDwreULC3Z582zps6eidF6Zj9EY8MHm4SGBG7m6WPI_B7u4xQq6rDmlSuBEY52peH3FaJpkkCoL-5tcchOx-tyPZXCAxOy7ziIXCfqy0KtfE-aLLaF_j7o2nHqEA2gK8T8dcyMGbvqb8xFZ0VI-F5c8hxE-7T0a1qahYAm_5CW1ksxbpvrOU5e25EzC5xOMFKOX0eSUtGhaLEDOLU_QEIbXiu8pNPxNd8S8EEP2i95bk-5pssft9MkWy3JT0iL3NVxc0fWuMbLTwnYaJo5ycsiU6Bh88dJscUYING6LRNv4u9jQJirDrvmih1mMVEzdxQGnTOEWyLz7SxIr9E8aVXvzQDTxdsFD7eILcp1yytvHVQ6hoDUzQyEeaj_gWCrBejSqCxKyIUdn-C5QXa-w5K6QDmVCV3J3BMnXv3vxiOGUcYIkJDNkh9vgvQ6uZ-YDIPmoPmxcrg1KpU_5WbaMjS6WlRAQEXHwhgA_IMIe47vYF/s1600/early%2Bdna0.2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="735" height="212" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hZRu3lTizmk/XtuTF4rbB8I/AAAAAAAAGfY/yJnLCBpeXv02Fise_oZqHnOIW8vhXfVgwCEwYBhgLKs4DAL1Ocqwl_iPBcTWFLtH95RZZp1zo1-uoIZYD_j8C9z69uYDqppGv1pDpMbpbagbSMAzU4_2uu9y43ps28_srdX3UIk8tbwrnWA-j_VD9Xuyi2SYvnY8Gg1LeHeV_yP0M54kiTDwreULC3Z582zps6eidF6Zj9EY8MHm4SGBG7m6WPI_B7u4xQq6rDmlSuBEY52peH3FaJpkkCoL-5tcchOx-tyPZXCAxOy7ziIXCfqy0KtfE-aLLaF_j7o2nHqEA2gK8T8dcyMGbvqb8xFZ0VI-F5c8hxE-7T0a1qahYAm_5CW1ksxbpvrOU5e25EzC5xOMFKOX0eSUtGhaLEDOLU_QEIbXiu8pNPxNd8S8EEP2i95bk-5pssft9MkWy3JT0iL3NVxc0fWuMbLTwnYaJo5ycsiU6Bh88dJscUYING6LRNv4u9jQJirDrvmih1mMVEzdxQGnTOEWyLz7SxIr9E8aVXvzQDTxdsFD7eILcp1yytvHVQ6hoDUzQyEeaj_gWCrBejSqCxKyIUdn-C5QXa-w5K6QDmVCV3J3BMnXv3vxiOGUcYIkJDNkh9vgvQ6uZ-YDIPmoPmxcrg1KpU_5WbaMjS6WlRAQEXHwhgA_IMIe47vYF/s400/early%2Bdna0.2.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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Chuan et al (20190 made it clear that, " Recent ancient DNA studies have resolved several longstanding questions regarding cultural and population transformations in prehistory. One important feature is a cline of
European hunter-gatherer (HG) ancestry that runs roughly
from West to East (hence WHG and EHG; blue component in
Fig. 2a,c). This ancestry differs from that of Early European
farmers, who are more closely related to farmers of northwest
Anatolia21,22 and also to pre-farming Levantine individuals9. The
near East and Anatolia have long-been seen as the regions from
which European farming and animal husbandry emerged. In the
Mesolithic and Early Neolithic, these regions harboured three
divergent populations, with Anatolian and Levantine ancestry
in the west, and a group with a distinct ancestry in the east.
The latter was first described in Upper Pleistocene individuals
from Georgia (Caucasus hunter-gatherers; CHG)13 and then in
Mesolithic and Neolithic individuals from Iran9,23. The following
millennia, spanning the Neolithic to BA, saw admixture between
these ancestral groups, leading to a pattern of genetic homogenization of the source populations9. North of the Caucasus,
Eneolithic and BA individuals from the Samara region (5200–4000
BCE) carry an equal mixture of EHG- and CHG/Iranian ancestry,
so-called ‘steppe ancestry’
13 that eventually spread further
west18,19, where it contributed substantially to present-day Europeans, and east to the Altai region as well as to South Asia9 "<br />
<br />
This makes it clear that there was continuity between the Black populations that spread the contemporary DNA into Eurasia. It was Africans from the Nile Valley and North Africa that invented the ceramic assemblages that are called the Bell Beaker and Corded Ware in Eurasia.<br />
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<br />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-16113482975213891892020-05-25T20:19:00.002-07:002020-05-25T20:19:29.665-07:00THE GOD Amon / Amma in Africa and India<br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of the Proto
Saharan beliefs originated during the wet African Aqualithic period. As a
result their gods, who had once been great ancestors were referred to as
"Fish" or "reed boat navigators". This common god was
called Maa , the man fish (of Eridu) in Mesopotamia and Syria and the
ithyphallic forms, the prototype of Amon/Aman in Egypt ; and the goddess
Minaksi, of Madura in South India the goddess of the fish eyes, the Malabar fish bearer of Mana and the sacred fishes of the Mapilla of
the west coast of the Dekkan. In the languages of the Manding Maa, is used to
refer to the ancient inhabitants of the African continent, and the invisible
spirit who inhabits the water-courses .In Egypt Maat, meant divine truth and
justice.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among the Proto
Saharans<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the name Maa, for their great
ancestor/god was joined to many ethnonyms. The descendants of the Maa clan,
claim descent from Maa, as evident in the name Mande, for the parent group of
the Manding of West Africa. Mande means, Ma nde or "children of Ma".
Some Dravidians of South India were also members of the Mande Superclan, as
illustrated in the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kannada, Telugu and
Tulu, Dravidian tribes that use the terms Mande or Mandi to denote<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"people or persons". The Sumerians
called themselves Mah Gar ri "God's exalted children". <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Proto
Saharans in honor of great Maa, use the term "ma", to denote greatness,
for example Manding:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maga; Sumerian:
Mag; and Dravidian: Ma. The ma, element was also used in the names for their
rulers e.g., Menes of Egypt; the Mannan of the Dravidians; and the Mansa of the
Manding. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Mal, of the
Dravidians is just another form of Ma. Mal, is the Fish. He was the prototype
of the Fish god among the Pandyan Tamils. Ama, Uma, Ammon, Amon and etc. seems
to either refer to Mal's consort.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This goddess Amon
is most ancient among the Proto Saharans.This goddess has many names including
Athene or Neith, daughter of Poseidon god of the Sea (again reference to the
great Fish man); and Demeter, the mare headed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>patroness.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Mother
goddess Amma/Amon of Libya had her cult center at the Oasis of Siwa. In ancient
Egypt Amon was depicted as a ram with spheres.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The god Amon was taken to Egypt during the New Kingdom.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Proto
Saharans early used the oxen with sun disc between the horns as the symbol of
their God, long before the Egyptians worshipped Hathor. This god represented
Amon/Amma of the Dravidians, Egyptians and Manding speaking people.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Engravings in
the Sahara, dating back to Neolithic times show the solar disk with
"uraei", which was associated with the worship of Ra/Re in Egypt,
when worn by the ram it represented Amon of Thebes. There are depictions of
this god from the Saharan sites such as Bou Alam and Zenoga. Archaeologists
believe that these engravings date back to 4000 BC. This use of a ram god, with
different names among the various groups indicate that the Proto Saharans
worshipped the same religion.For example among the Dogon of West Africa, the god Amma is a ram. In Yoruba Amon,
means concealed the same as in Egyptian."</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This worship<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the ram may have resulted from the
important part goat/sheep played in the Sahara as a source of food when the
Sahara increasingly became more arid.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is interesting
to note that Siwa (> Siva?), was recognized as the cult center of Amon/Amma,
because in the Siwa depression archaeologists have found numerous conical and
pyramidal sand<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>encrusted hills that
resemble the monuments of ancient Egypt, including a sphinx which resembles a gigantic
ram. Although<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>most scholars believe
these monuments in the Siwa and Farafra Oasis are natural erosional formations
called yardangs, they may really be the remains of monuments built by the Proto
Saharans now encrusted with sand harden by the wind.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The mother
goddess was either identified as Amon or Athene. Amon or Amen of the Egyptians
was primarily a Theban god whose shrine was rebuilt around 2500 BC, when the
Theban Kings defeated their northern foes. Amon became an important god<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Egypt beginning with the 12th Dynasty .
The priests of Amon, called their god "the King of Gods". The
Egyptians recognized Amon as a primeval god. Amon is identified with the
ithyphalli god Men(< Maa ?).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Amon was
recognized as an unseen god, because he could travel. He was also seen as an
imperial god. Sesostris I, is credited with building the Temple of Amon at
Karnak, near Thebes. Sesostris I, is also credited with conquering the whole
sea coast of India, beyond the Ganges to the Eastern Ocean, he also conquered
Europe as far as Thrace. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The God Amman/Amma links many African groups and the
Dravidian people of India who originated in Africa. This god was probably
worshipped by Saharan people who probably created a great civilization in
Middle Africa, called Maa,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>long before
the rise of ancient Egypt.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Temehus or C-Group people began to settle Kush around
2200 BC. The kings of Kush had their capital at Kerma, in Dongola and a
sedentary center on Sai Island. The same pottery found at Kerma is also present
in Libya especially the Fezzan.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The C-Group founded the Kerma dynasty of Kush. Diop (1986,
p.72) noted that the "earliest substratum of the Libyan population was a
black population from the south Sahara". Kerma was first inhabited in the
4th millennium BC (Bonnet 1986). By the 2nd millennium BC Kushites at kerma
were already worshippers of Amon/Amun and they used a distinctive black-and-red
ware (Bonnet 1986; Winters 1985b,1991). Amon, later became a major god of the
Egyptians during the 18th Dynasty.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is clear that Amon or Amen, was the ancient
god of the Kushites/Proto Saharans because Ammenemes I or Ameny I of the 11th
Dynasty was from the southern state of Ta Seti, the first Nome (city/state) of
Egypt. Ammenemes means "Amon is in front".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sesostris I
(Thutmose I), probably helped establish Amon worship in Europe and Asia ,
because as he expanded his Empire he left colonies in all the lands he
conquered. Herodutus in his Histories , said that Sesostris 1 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>defeated the Scythians and Thracians , went
all the way the to modern Romania and Bulgaria). Next he went and established a
colony river Phasis in Colchis.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There are other traditions of Sesostris 1 , or <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sesostrasen Osiritasen of the 12th Dynasty, in
which he is suppose to have established colonies along the Danube river and the
Black Sea. Strabo (Bk.3), said that Sesostris I, is suppose to have conquered
Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, Iberia and Colchis. Diodorus, claims
that Sesostris I also invaded India up to the Ganges River.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Aman was introduced as a god of the Egyptians by members of
the 18th Dynasty. Once the 18 Dynasty came to power they introduced Aman/Amun
to the rest of the Egyptians. To encouarge Egyptians to worship Aman, this
god's new name became Aman-Re, to maintain continuity between Re, the original
chief god of the Egyptians, and Aman, the popular god of the 18th Dynasty
rulers.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The creation of Aman-Re changed the god from male to female,
so s/he would be found acceptable for worship by the average Egyptian, who
associated male gods with the pharoah.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before the
Egyptians conquered Greece the worship of Amon had already been established in
the region. It was the Garamante Manding speaking tribe who took Amon worship
to Greece. In Appollonius Rhodius iv.1310, we discover that the goddess Athene
was born beside Lake Tritonis in Libya. Plato, identified Athene of Athens<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with the Libyan god Neith. Athene was
worshipped by the Manding and other Western Saharans including the Linear A
people of Minoan Crete.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Athene is always
associated with the god Amon. Moreover the Manding concept of N'ama as a
dynamic spirit among the other Mande tribes point to an earlier worship of
Amon, before the Mande accepted Islam. The Bambara call their ancestral god
Gnia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or Nia, this has affinity to the
Greek term for the Libyan god called Neith. It is interesting to note that in
the Linear A inscriptions we find mention of the goddess Nia= Neith. Moreover,
some South Indian worship Amma = Amon. The priest of this cult are called Chom
or Khonrini, the Greeks called the Indian clerics: Gymnosophists. This Chom, of
the Dravidians has affinity to Khon, the leading Kushite god.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The goddess
Neith or Athene was known by many names. Some names related to Athene include
Anaitis, Nanaia > Tanit of the Phoenicians; Nama in Albania; and the Sumero
Dravidian Ninni Istar "the wild cow".</div>
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<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Napata was the main religious
center of the Kushites. Jebel Barkal was both the companion site of Napata ,
and the sacred mountain of the city of Napata. It was identified as the holy
southern abode of the god Amon. Jebel Barkal, was considered the southern most
center for Amun/Amon worship in north Africa. Reisner excavated this rock
outcrop between 1913 and 1916.<br />
<br />
Aman had long been worshiped by the Kushites. The Kushites/C-Group people of
Kerma first worshiped Amun long before the founding of the temple of Aman at
Jebel Barkal.. Many of the Meroitic kings were buried at Jebel Barkal after 300
B.C. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Egyptians called Jebel Barkal, <b><i>dw w Ʒ b</i></b>
'holy mountain'. At the foot of Jebel Barkal, the Egyptians erected the great
temple of Amon in the 15th century B.C.<br />
<br />
Aman was recognized by the Kushites as a supreme creator god, the god of the
Sun, and progenitor of the king. In addition to Aman, the Kushites also
worshipped the Egyptian gods Isis and Osiris. The goddess Isis watched over the
rites of metamorphosis, while Osiris was suppose to lead the dead to paradise.</div>
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Aman was also referred to as Amani and <b><i>Amnpe or Amanape</i></b>. The term
Amanape probably should be interpreted as <b>Amn p-ne</b> or 'Aman the
foundation (of Good)'. The Meroites often called the god Aman, Amani. Amani was
recognized as the creator of the Kushites and supporter of all existence in the
inscriptions from Armina West (Trigger 1970).<br />
<br />
The Meroites recognized Aman as a god that 'inclined' man towards good. Aman
was also considered a guide to the rebirth. The Meroites believed that Aman had
the ability to make his <b><i>s</i></b> 'patron, supporter', a sign of honor.
In the Armina West inscription (Trigger 1970), we see the following Meroitic <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>passage: <b><i>Si ye qo wi-ne nt-ne Amni se-ne-a bo y </i></b>/or/ 'Content to live
everlasting bowing in reverence to Amani, (who is) supporting (now) all
existence'.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Proto
Dravidians and Sumerians had common religions. For example in the Sumer
pantheon the emblem for Inanna, was the date palm, while Ninsun, Dumuzi, Anu
and Ishkur were associated with bulls. The Dravidian equivalent to Anu, or bull
worship was Anu Rupa or Siva. The name of this clan in India was called Anu.
Many of these Dravidians were also established in Armenia.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In India we find
the "men with horns". This term was given to Dravidian dignitaries
who had crowns made of animal horns. This type of horned figure appear on many
Harappan seals, as do serpents. The wearing of animal horns on crowns may date
back to the time of Sesostris, because many Egyptian headdresses included
horns.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In ancient Sumer,
the goddess of the marriage rites was Ur. The goddess Ur, has analogies to the
Dravidian cult of the goddess Paravati, in Siva temples.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Dravidian god Amma(n) is associated with the ram god:
Amun/Amon. In addition to Amman, being associated with goddesses, in DED 183 we
find that Amman also means ‘uncle, wife’s father’ and etc.. This makes it clear
that the term Amman was associated with both goddesses and honored—high
respected men.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The earliest representation of the ram god appeared in the
Sahara, the homeland of the Dravidians, Elamites, Sumerians, the Egyptians and
other Black African groups. It was in the Sahara that we see the first example
of the ram holding a disc or sphere which came to symbolize the Egyptian god
Amon. These ancient people were called Kushites are associated with the
Proto-Saharan cultures and the C-Group. Due to the association of Amon with the
Kushites, the Priestess of Amon, had to be a Kushite.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Diop has made it clear that Amon was the god of Black Africa.
Among the Dravidians Amon was called Amman. Mrs. T. Aravanan, made it clear
that the Pandyan people of Kumarinadu worshipped the goddess Kumari Amman.
Kumarinadu, according to tradition was ruled by the Pandians/ Pandyans. She
says that Kumarinadu was situated south of present-day South India.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Dravidian literary evidence indicate that Dravidians,
probably speaking Tamil, invaded South India from Kumarinadu. In <b><i>Kalittokai</i></b>
104, we read “In order to compensate the area lost to the great waves of the sea,
King Paandia without tiresome moved to the other countries and won them.
Removing the emblems of tiger [Cholas] and bow [Cheras] he, in their places
inscribed his reputed emblem fish [Pandias] and valiantly made his enemies bow
to him”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The mention of the “fish emblem” in the <b><i>Kalittokai</i></b>
provides textual support to the African origin of the Dravidians. Many peoples
in the Western Sahara claim that they are descendants of the Ma [Fish]
Confederation or Mande clan. Thus we have the Mande people of West Africa, and
the Dogon who claim descent from Mande. It is interesting to note that among
the Kannanda, Telugu and Tulu the term : Mande or Mandi, denotes persons or
people. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The leading tribes of that claim descent from Ma include the
Dogon and Mande. Before the introduction of Islam, the Mande worshipped Athene
or Neith and Amon. They called Neith, Nia and Amon was called N’ama.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Dogon called Amon, Amma. Accoridng to the Dogon Amma
descends from the sky and is a symbol of humidity and rain. The Dogon Amma, is
analogous to Amman of the Tamil. Amman is represented as Mariamman the
protector of the people in a village and Kumariamman<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pandia association with the fish, associates these Tamils
with other ancient Blacks descending from the Ma Clan. Fish tails, were a
common feature of the Egyptians, Elamites, Sumerians and Proto-Dravidians. The
common god of the Fish Clan was the manfish (of Eridu) in Mesopotamia and Syria
and the ithyphallic forms of Min, proto-type of Amon in Egypt, the goddess
Minaksi of Madura, the goddess of the fish eyes, the Malabar fish bearer of
Mana and the sacred fishes of the Mapilla of the West coast of the Dekkan.The
Dogon,claim they came from the great Nommo, who was represented by fish signs.
The Kings of people descending from the Ma Confederation were called MNS, e,g.,
Menes or King Aha of Egypt, Mannan among the Dravidians and Mansa, among the
Mande speaking people of West Africa.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Greeks claim that the father of the goddess Neith, who
was worshipped by many Black African groups was Poseidon or potidan ‘ he who
gives to drink the wooded mountain’ [boat]. Since Neith or Athene is said to
have been born in the Proto-Sahara beside Lake Tritonis, we can assume that the
worship of Poseidon was common among the people of the Ma Confederation. The
symbol of Poseidon was the trident.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Poseidon seems to relate to an aspect of the Dravidian god
Siva. The god Siva is sometimes referred to as the “Great Fish’ and represented
by Fish signs. Throughout Tamilnadu tridents are found in association to
temples, and the god Siva.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Just as the Kalittokai mentioned that the totem of the
Pandia was the fish, we find that Africans along the Indian Ocean, which would
have been part of Kumarinadu, worshipped Poseidon.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Greeks reported that the people from the eastern coast
of Africa worshipped Poseidon. According to Strabo, Eudoxus of Cyzicus reported
the people Ethiopia to Somalia and Nubia were Icthiyophage who worshipped
Poseidon. They often referred to Ethiopia and Somalia as Poseidonia.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In conclusion,Amon was the god of Africans and
Dravidians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ancient Dravidians
belonged to the Ma Confederation, and the Dravidian term Amman can refer to
goddesses and male figures. The leaders of this Confederation founded many
ancient civilizations which had the Fish as their standard. The worship of
Amman originated in the Sahara where the early worship of Poseidon probably
also originated given the fact his daughter was Neith/Athene. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Pandia/Pandyans called their god KumariAmma(n), like
other followers of the Ma Confederation. Due to the relationship between Amma, and fishes and the
sea, we find that at Kodikarai, there is a Dravidian custom that the ship crews
worship Mariammon before they go out to sea.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-13599522738648026342020-05-20T07:37:00.000-07:002020-06-06T07:09:17.335-07:00Blue Eyes and Light skin is not Unique to Europeans<br />
<br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" />
<b style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;">Ancient Europeans had dark skin. Africans took the light skin alleles to Europe. Many Africans also have blue eyes. The chart below was done by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova of the Egyptsearch site,</b><br />
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<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MR4dSat8xxE/Vos4kdtWarI/AAAAAAAACF8/OTTh-EQ--64/s1600/labrana2_africomparison.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt=" - " border="0" height="310" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MR4dSat8xxE/Vos4kdtWarI/AAAAAAAACF8/OTTh-EQ--64/s400/labrana2_africomparison.jpg" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: verdana, arial; font-size: small;" width="400" /></a></div>
Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-44093161663992930032020-05-18T07:09:00.002-07:002020-05-18T07:12:05.233-07:00The Semitic Languages Originated in Nile Valley<br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The Semitic languages are native to the Nile Valley. As a result, Semitic should be recognized as an African language. I call the Semitic languages Puntite languages.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The Semitic speaking people are native to the Nile Valley and Northeast Africa, they did not originate in Arabia.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The Semitic languages are divided into four groups: North-east Semitic, Northwest Semitic, Southeast Semitic and Southwest Semitic. The Ethiopian Semitic languages belong to the Southeast Semitic subgroup.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">In ancient times modern Ethiopia and Somalia was called Punt. As a result I call the Semitic languages of Ethiopia: Puntite languages. In the Sumerian texts these Puntites may have been called Meluhhaites.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The Puntites lived in the Eastern desert of Egypt and Arabia for many years and on the Horn of Africa. The earliest representatives of this group are depicted on the Ivory label of King Dan (Udimu) of the first Dynasty of Kemit.</span><br />
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<img alt=" - " src="http://olmec98.net/puntite1.jpg" height="335" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" width="400" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">In the Ivory label of King Dan , we see Dan holding a mace “smiting the enemy”. The people were identified a jwntj.w "people with hunting bows”, and inhabitants of the Eastern Desert. The jewenetejes, were probably Semitic or Puntite speakers . Like the Jewenetejes the Puntites wore beards. The use of the bow by the Jeweneteje suggest that they were related to the Kushites.</span><br />
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<img alt=" - " src="http://olmec98.net/PuntiteJaantj.png" height="400" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: verdana, arial; font-size: small;" width="335" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The existence of Punt, in areas where Semitic languages is spoken plus several Semitic languages in the Sudan, especially Habesha suggest the presence of Semitic speakers in the Nile Valley since pre-Egyptian times. The Egyptians referred to Punt as "God's Land".</span><br />
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<img alt=" - " src="http://olmec98.net/puntite2.jpg" height="388" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: verdana, arial; font-size: small;" width="400" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Punt is usually situated by researchers in the Red Sea Coast near the region where the Medjay lived, on into modern Ethiopia. this part of Africa was called Meluhha by the Assyrians.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Much of what we know about Punt comes from the Deir el-Bahri temple , On this mural is depicted the Puntite King Parahu (right) and his wife Ati. Note that King Parahu wears a beard</span><br />
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<img alt=" - " src="http://olmec98.net/puntite5.jpg" height="155" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" width="400" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">These areas today are inhabited by Semitic speakers ( Puntites, Habesha and etc). The intimacy between the Puntites and Egyptians make it clear that Semitic speakers were recognized as a respected population related to the Egyptians. This would explain the Semitic speaking populations in the Nile Valley who are not Arabic speakers. This is why I call the African Semitic languages Puntite languages because they were probably formerly spoken by the people of Punt.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The pre-Egyptian presence of Semitic speakers in the Nile Valley is supported by 1) the presence of Habesha and Colloquial Sudanese Arabic (CSA) in the Sudan and Nile Valley; and 2) Semitic loan words in ancient Egyptian and Meroitic.. Is a semitic language but it is not Arabic. If Semitic languages in the Sudan were the result of the spread of Islam, CSA would be an Arabic dialect--but it is not an Arabic dialect.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Anta Diop found an African root at the base of Semitic root words. Dr. Diop noted that the Semitic tri consonant root system is genetically related to the African root words in Semitic.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">As a result, I call the Semitic languages Puntite languages. Egyptian and Semitic languages shared grammatical features and cognate. Egyptian Semitic terms were recognized by Erman and Albright (See: A. Erman. 1885. "Das Verhiltnis des Aegyptischen zu den semitischen Sprachen" ,ZDMG,1 XLVI, 9.; and W. F. Albright, Egypto-Semitic Etymology, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Jan.),pp. 81-98).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">CSL and Arabic are two distinct Semitic languages. In modern day Sudan, Colloquial Sudanese Arabic is recognized as a lingua franca or slang language.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Anas Elbashir Ahmed Musa has used comparative linguistic methods to illustrate the genetic linguistic relationship between Old Sudanese Language (Colloquial Sudanese Arabic) and Meroitic. Brother Anas Elbashir has illustrated the continued use of classical Meroitic terms among contemporary Sudanese.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Arabic scholars recognize that CSL is a Semitic language unique to the Sudanese because it has many vocabulary items from Sudanese languages including Nubian, but, especially Beja or Bidaweet.The relationship between Egyptian and Semitic and the Cognate Meroitic-Colloquial Sudanese Arabic or Classical Sudanese Language (CSL) Semitic terms makes it clear the Semitic languages originated in the Nile Valley and expanded from there into Eurasia.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">The earliest civilization in Southwest Arabia date back to the 2nd Millenium. This culture is called the Tihama culture which originated in Africa. The people of the Tihama culture included Puntites.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">This civilization probably originated in Nubia. It is characterized by the cheesecake or pillbox burial monuments which extend from Dhofar in Nubia, the Gara mountains to Adulis on the Gulf of Zula, to Hadramaut, Qataban, Ausan, Adenm, Asir, the Main area and Tihama.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Brother Anas Elbashir, after comparing Colloquial Sudanese Arabic to words in my Meroitic Word List, has illustrated the continued use of classical Meroitic terms among contemporary Sudanese.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: Verdana, Arial; font-size: small;" />
<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">In conclusion the Semitic speakers originated in the Nile Valley. The Puntites like the jwntj.w and other people in the Eastern Desert wore beards .</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">There was no back migration of Semitic speakers from Arabia into Africa. The migration was not into the Sudan, the Tihama material makes it clear the migration was from the Sudan/Nile Valley into Arabia.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f7f7; font-family: "verdana" , "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Semitic and CSL are related to ancient Egyptian and Meroitic If the Semitic speakers in the Nile Valley , were due to a back migration from Asia into the Nile Valley Semitic speakers would speak an Arabic dialect instead of CSL.The Puntites were Semitic speakers.</span>Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-28654864954996279562020-05-18T05:48:00.003-07:002020-05-18T05:49:52.008-07:00Ancient Mankind was Black Skinned <br />
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Iain Mathieson (2020), The evolution of skin pigmentation
associated variation in West Eurasia <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.085274v1.full.pdf">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.085274v1.full.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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This article is further confirmation that the ancient
Europeans were Black skinned. Mathieson et al, wrote that: “The genetic scores
of the oldest individuals in the dataset fall within the range of present-day
West African populations, showing that Early Upper Paleolithic [~50-20,000
years BP] modern humans, such as Ust’Ishim, carried few of the light skin pigmentation
alleles that are common in present-day Europe.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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The authors recognized that not only were the Upper Paleolithic
anatomically modern humans (AMH) Black, the Neanderthal and Denisovans were
also Black. “Relatively dark skin pigmentation in Early Upper Paleolithic
Europe would be consistent with those populations being relatively poorly
adapted to high latitude conditions as a result of having recently migrated
from lower latitudes. On the other hand, although we have shown that these <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>populations carried few of the light
pigmentation alleles that are segregating in present-day Europe, they may have
carried different alleles that we cannot now detect.<b><i> As an extreme example,
Neanderthals and the Altai Denisovan individual show genetic scores that are in
a similar range to Early Upper Paleolithic individuals</i></b> (Table S1), but it
is highly plausible that 258 these populations, who lived at high latitudes for
hundreds of thousands of years, would have adapted independently to low UV
levels. For this reason, we cannot confidently make statements about the skin
pigmentation of ancient populations.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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This final statement is false. We can say the pigment of the
ancient Europeans was Black/Dark skinned.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-30765560194208962682020-05-16T17:11:00.000-07:002020-05-16T17:11:13.271-07:00Continuity of Negro Eurasian DNA 44,000-7,000 BC<br />
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We now know the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DNA carried by the Black Gravettan and
Magdalenian based on a recent paper: <b><i>Paleolithic DNA from the Caucasus
reveals core of West Eurasian ancestry, by</i></b> Iosif Lazaridis, Anna
Belfer-Cohen, Swapan Mallick, Nick Patterson, Olivia Cheronet, Nadin Rohland,
Guy Bar-Oz, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Nino Jakeli, Eliso Kvavadze, David Lordkipanidze,
Zinovi Matzkevich, Tengiz Meshveliani, Brendan J. Culleton, Douglas J. Kennett,
Ron Pinhasi, David Reich <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423079v1.full">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423079v1.full</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Lazardis et al wrote: “ Furthermore, Dzudzuana shares more
alleles with Villabruna-cluster groups than with other ESHG (Extended Data Fig.
5b), suggesting that this European affinity was specifically related to the
Villabruna cluster, and indicating that the Villabruna affinity of PGNE
populations from Anatolia and the Levant is not the result of a migration into
the Near East from Europe. Rather, ancestry deeply related to the Villabruna
cluster was present not only in Gravettian and Magdalenian-era Europeans3 but
also in the populations of the Caucasus, by ~26kya. Neolithic Anatolians, while
forming a clade with Dzudzuana with respect to ESHG (Extended Data Fig. 5a),
share more alleles with all other PGNE …”<o:p></o:p></div>
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The authors report that these Eurasians carried mtDNA N and
U6 and Y-Cromosome R1 like the Villabruna cluster. The mtDNA dates back to
Cro-Magnon times when modern humans entered Europe.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Khoisan founded civilization in Europe. They were the
first Europeans. The Aurignacian civilization was founded by the Cro-Magnon
people who originated in Africa. They took this culture to Western Europe
across the Straits of Gibraltar. The Cro-Magnon people were probably
Bushman/Khoi.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There have been numerous "Negroid skeletons" found
in Europe. Marcellin Boule and Henri Vallois, in Fossil Man, provide an entire
chapter on the Africans/Negroes of Europe Anta Diop also discussed the Negroes
of Europe in Civilization or Barbarism, pp.25-68. Also W.E. B. DuBois,
discussed these Negroes in the The World and Africa, pp.86-89. DuBois noted
that "There was once a an "uninterrupted belt' of Negro culture from
Central Europe to South Africa" (p.88).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Boule and Vallois, note that "To sum up, in the most
ancient skeletons from the Grotte des Enfants we have a human type which is
readily comparable to modern types and especially to the Negritic or Negroid
type" (p.289). They continue, "Two Neolithic individuals from
Chamblandes in Switzerland are Negroid not only as regards their skulls but
also in the proportions of their limbs. Several Ligurian and Lombard tombs of
the Metal Ages have also yielded evidences of a Negroid element.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Since the publication of Verneau's memoir, discoveries of
other Negroid skeletons in Neolithic levels in Illyria and the Balkans have
been announced. The prehistoric statues, dating from the Copper Age, from
Sultan Selo in Bulgaria are also thought to protray Negroids. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In 1928 Rene Bailly found in one of the caverns of Moniat,
near Dinant in Belgium, a human skeleton of whose age it is difficult to be
certain, but seems definitely prehistoric. It is remarkable for its Negroid
characters, which give it a reseblance to the skeletons from both Grimaldi and
Asselar (p.291).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Boule and Vallois, note that "We know now that the
ethnography of South African tribes presents many striking similarities with
the ethnography of our populations of the Reindeer Age. Not to speak of their
stone implements which, as we shall see later , exhibit great similarities,
Peringuey has told us that in certain burials on the South African coast
'associated with the Aurignacian or Solutrean type
industry...."(p.318-319). They add, that in relation to Bushman art "
This almost uninterrupted series leads us to regard the African continent as a
centre of important migrations which at certain times may have played a great
part in the stocking of Southern Europe. Finally, we must not forget that the
Grimaldi Negroid skeletons sho many points of resemblance with the Bushman
skeletons". They bear no less a resemblance to that of the fossil Man
discovered at Asslar in mid-Sahara, whose characters led us to class him with
the Hottentot-Bushman group.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Boule and Vallois research makes it clear that the
Bushman expanded across Africa on into Europe via Spain as the Grimaldi people.
This makes it clear that the Bushman/Khoisan people were not isolated in South
Africa. The Khoisan people carry the haplogroup N. The Hadza are Bushman they
carry haplogroup N. <o:p></o:p></div>
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“Specific mtDNA sites outside HVRI were also analyzed (by
amplification, cloning, and sequencing of the surrounding region) to classify
more precisely the ancient sequences within the phylogenetic network of
present-time mtDNAs (35, 36). Paglicci-25 has the following motifs: +7,025
AluI, 00073A, 11719G, and 12308A. Therefore, this sequence belongs to either
haplogroups HV or pre-HV, two haplogroups rare in general but with a
comparatively high frequencies among today's Near-Easterners (35). Paglicci-12
shows the motifs 00073G, 10873C, 10238T, and AACC between nucleotide positions
10397 and 10400, which allows the classification of this sequence into the
macrohaplogroupN,containing haplogroups W, X, I, N1a, N1b, N1c, and N*.
Following the definition given in ref. 36, the presence of a single mutation in
16,223 within HRVI suggests a classification of Paglicci-12 into the haplogroup
N*, which is observed today in several samples from the Near East and, at lower
frequencies, in the Caucasus (35). It is difficult to say whether the apparent
evolutionary relationship between Paglicci-25 and Paglicci-12 and those
populations is more than a coincidence. Indeed, the haplogroups to which the
Cro-Magnon type sequences appear to belong are rare among modern samples, and
therefore their frequencies are poorly estimated. However, genetic affinities
between the first anatomically modern Europeans and current populations of the
Near East make sense in the light of the likely routes of Upper Paleolithic
human expansions in Europe, as documented in the archaeological record (37)”. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/100/11/6593">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/100/11/6593</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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During the Aurignacian period, the Cro magnon skeletons
belong to the N haplogroup. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Cro Magnon skeletons carried N1a,N1b,N1c and N*. It is
characterized by motifs 00073G,10873C, 10238T and A4CC between nucleotide
positions 10397 and 10400. Most of the skeletons carried hg N*.<o:p></o:p></div>
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It appears that the hg N was the most frequent mtDNA carried
by Western European populations for over 20,000 years. This gene as discussed
earlier is found primarily today outside Western Europe. The Cro Magnon people
were mainly hunter-gathers.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Haak et al. found that the twenty-four samples included
haplogroups H or V, T, K, J , N1a and U3. The frequency of N1a among ancient
samples ranged from 8% to 42%.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Haak et al found that the first Neolithic farmers did not
have a strong genetic influence on modern European female lineages. These
researchers found that the farmers were predominately HG N1a. This is
interesting because Brace et al found that the craniofacial features of these
early European farmers and the Natufians plotted with Sub-Saharan groups, just
like the Aurignacians. The existence of the hg N in western Europe from
24,000-7500 kya show continuity between the Pleistocene and Neolithic western
Eurasians who carried hg N.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-5075082873400150542020-05-13T17:31:00.001-07:002020-05-13T18:00:59.900-07:00The Decipherment of Meroitic<br />
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I have deciphered
all of the major Meroitic inscriptions. My articles on Meroitic have been
published in many journals including the Meroitic Newsletter, which is a
journal that publishes articles om Meroitic language.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">C.A. Winters.
(1984). "A note on Tokharian and Meroitic", Meroitic Newsletter, 23,
18-21. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">__________. (1989).
"Cheikh Anta Diop et le déchiffrement de l’écriture Méroïtique,"Revue<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Martiniguaise de
Sciences Humaines et de Litterature, No. 8, 149-152.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">_________.(1998a).
Meroitic Funerary text: Temple architecture and mortuary practices,
InScription: Journal of Ancient Egypt,1 (1), 29-33.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">_________.(1998a).
Meroitic Funerary text: Stelae and funerary tables, InScription: Journal of
Ancient Egypt,1 (2), 41-55.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">___________ (1998c).
The inscriptions of Tanyidamani. Nubica et Ethiopica IV \ V,355-388.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sorry I do not write
or speak Arabic as well as I use too. Between 2004-2005 Dr. Osama Elnur,
published several of my articles in ARKAMANI Sudan Electronic Journal of
Archaeology and Anthropology. I do not know if the Arabic translation is fine
because I can not read Arabic. These translations may<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>help you understand the vocabulary items I
use to read Meroitic Inscriptions. If you want to discuss these terms I can
only discuss them in English, as a result I provide the English and Dr. Elnur
Arabic translations of my articles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In 2004, my article <b>MEROITIC
EVIDENCE FOR A BLEMMY EMPIRE IN THE DODEKASCHOINS, </b>was published by Osama
Elnur in ARKAMANI Sudan Electronic Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071012195029/http:/www.arkamani.org/arkamani-library/meroitic/Kalabsha.htm">http://web.archive.org/web/20071012195029/http://www.arkamani.org/arkamani-library/meroitic/Kalabsha.htm</a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
paper was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Translated into Arabic by
Osama Elnur see:</span> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071012193333/http:/www.arkamani.org/meroitic_studies/kalabsha_arabic.htm">http://web.archive.org/web/20071012193333/http://www.arkamani.org/meroitic_studies/kalabsha_arabic.htm</a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Osama Elnur also
published my paper Meroitic Religion , in ARKAMANI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in both English and Arabic </span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071012233613/http:/www.arkamani.org/arkamani-library/meroitic/meroitic-religion.htm">http://web.archive.org/web/20071012233613/http://www.arkamani.org/arkamani-library/meroitic/meroitic-religion.htm</a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr.
Elnur also published the article in Arabic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071012192414/http:/www.arkamani.org/cushitic_religion/meroitic-religion1.htm">http://web.archive.org/web/20071012192414/http://www.arkamani.org/cushitic_religion/meroitic-religion1.htm</a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Osama Elnur
published my paper</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> , <b>NATAKAMANI
AND AMANITORE IN THE MEROITIC SUDAN,</b></span> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070927235146/http:/www.arkamani.org/arkamani-library/meroitic/natakamani-and-amanitore.htm">http://web.archive.org/web/20070927235146/http://www.arkamani.org/arkamani-library/meroitic/natakamani-and-amanitore.htm</a><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr. Elnur also published this article in
Arabic </b><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080331060540/http:/www.arkamani.org:80/meroitic_studies/natakamani-and-amanitore.htm">http://web.archive.org/web/20080331060540/http://www.arkamani.org:80/meroitic_studies/natakamani-and-amanitore.htm</a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 107%;">BOOKS<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2319852259874715993" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mSo3GMGAczI/XryVF6XRY0I/AAAAAAAAGck/flHz4cg4Xl4xdr90QGZyr_42IkqHve_DwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/meroitic%2Bbooks1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="870" height="202" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mSo3GMGAczI/XryVF6XRY0I/AAAAAAAAGck/flHz4cg4Xl4xdr90QGZyr_42IkqHve_DwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/meroitic%2Bbooks1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Meroitic Language and Literature. 2013.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Meroitic Chamber of Philae. 2018.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Kushite Prince Akinidad. 2013.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Meroitic Relations with Tocharian and the Nile Valley
Languages. 2019.<o:p></o:p></div>
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You can find many of my recent decipherments of Meroitic
inscriptions on FaceBook:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/324865121323869/">https://www.facebook.com/groups/324865121323869/</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/958111514245590/">https://www.facebook.com/groups/958111514245590/</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-6564876493984588352020-04-14T20:42:00.002-07:002020-04-14T20:42:59.415-07:0070,000 Year Old Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic ‘green’ Sahara<br />
<br />
Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage
from the Neolithic ‘green’ Sahara (2019). StefaniaVai 1, Stefania Sarno2, Martina Lari
1, Donata Luiselli3, Giorgio Manzi4,
MarinaGallinaro 5, Safaa Mataich2, Alexander Hübner6, Alessandra Modi1, Elena Pilli1,
MaryAnneTafuri4, DavidCaramelli1 & Savino di Lernia . <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39802-1.pdf">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39802-1.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Abstract<br />
Because Africa’s climate hampers DNA preservation, knowledge of its genetic variability is mainly
restricted to modern samples, even though population genetics dynamics and back-migrations from
Eurasia may have modifed haplotype frequencies, masking ancient genetic scenarios. Thanks to
improved methodologies, ancient genetic data for the African continent are now increasingly available,
starting to fll in the gap. Here we present newly obtained mitochondrial genomes from two <b>~7000-yearold individuals from Takarkori rockshelter, Libya, </b>representing the earliest and frst genetic data for
the Sahara region. These individuals carry a novel mutation motif linked to the haplogroup N root. Our
result demonstrates the presence of an ancestral lineage of the N haplogroup in the Holocene “Green
Sahara”, associated to a Middle Pastoral (Neolithic) context.<br />
<br />
In 2010 I published " Origin and Spread of Haplogroup N" , <span style="background-color: white; font-family: g_d0_f3, sans-serif; font-size: 14.9696px; white-space: pre;">Bioresearch Bulletin (2010) 4: 201-207. </span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259979779_Origin_and_Spread_of_Haplogroup_N">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259979779_Origin_and_Spread_of_Haplogroup_N</a> . In this article I explained that Haplogroup N, originated in Africa. Discovery of a African from the Sahara dating to 70,000 BC support my research<br />
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Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2319852259874715993.post-91202767815187973802020-03-27T04:26:00.004-07:002020-03-27T04:26:44.542-07:00Nile Valley (Sudan) Temple<br />
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Raising Star in the Meroitic Facebook group,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>found a very interesting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>building. He wrote: “The old building with a sound painting is a
confusing puzzle for the mind. It was built above a 6 M Limestone. This hill is
a rock block from the sample of stones used to build pyramids . Building area
about 1012 sqm .It is divided into four rooms each two rooms separate by a
rocky passage. Each room is divided with a small reserve inside it separates it
into two. Walls Height is about 10 meters. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All the rocks around
the building have been engraved in a circular form with letters and engravings
as in the picture. Each stone was carved from the walls of the building. The
walls of the building were painted from the inside with a thick layer similar
to cement, but stronger as it was painted from the inside with brown and brown
lines. The building has very short doors, put your back when you enter, and it
doesn't have your doors, but small slots above the rooms near the broken
roof.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<o:p></o:p></div>
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I have looked at these inscriptions and see that they are
Thinite writing or the Proto-Saharan script. The Proto-Saharan inscriptions
indicate that the building was a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>temple
where the locals worshipped their gods.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this post I will
discuss the inscriptions inside the building. The symbols inside each room is
written in the Proto-Saharan/Thinite script. This writing was used by members
of the Maa civilization. The Maa people later founded the River Valley
civilizations of Egypt, Sumer, and the Indus Valley. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Each room in this temple appears to have been a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>chapel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>where people can go to pray or worship on their own. Each chapel appears
to have a different inscription above the entrance. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The inscription above one of the chapel is a single sign.
This sign is “Gyo”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gyo means “ [Place}
Consecrated to the cult”. Consecrated to the divinity.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In Figure 4, we see one of the longest inscriptions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Reading from right to left we read:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Ii gyo se<o:p></o:p></div>
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I lu yo le ga<o:p></o:p></div>
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I gyo fe gyo<o:p></o:p></div>
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Le<o:p></o:p></div>
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This means:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Thine in the company
of a superior place consecrated to the divinity’. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Rest up right the spirit here to sprout zeal [for the
divinity and cult].<o:p></o:p></div>
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This talisman loves the Divinity of the cult.<o:p></o:p></div>
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[Here is true] Existence” <o:p></o:p></div>
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In another chapel we find a banner that has fallen to the
ground. The inscription is presented in Figure 1.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-C3oVqyQTKbE/Xn3iIq-HQwI/AAAAAAAAGYY/EhLdcWGGgAE6QOw9wEX9MSKuH3XXt-ACQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/image015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="468" data-original-width="624" height="239" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-C3oVqyQTKbE/Xn3iIq-HQwI/AAAAAAAAGYY/EhLdcWGGgAE6QOw9wEX9MSKuH3XXt-ACQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/image015.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the bottom inscription in finely carved Proto-Saharan
script we read the following:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SrWhAVMYIwQ/Xn3iiqAJpMI/AAAAAAAAGYg/vT_dXxfPh2gjecXE_9f6ilSY-_kB2WNeACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/image017.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="538" data-original-width="624" height="275" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SrWhAVMYIwQ/Xn3iiqAJpMI/AAAAAAAAGYg/vT_dXxfPh2gjecXE_9f6ilSY-_kB2WNeACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/image017.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I ta gyo I gyo ka<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“This place the locality of the cult Divinity. In the
company of the mystic order [At]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>this
object [building] consecrated to the cult”.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In front of this inscription we find other signs that were
engraved on the banner later. These signs we read as follows:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SrWhAVMYIwQ/Xn3iiqAJpMI/AAAAAAAAGYk/rdZaJTI5Z6MTAfwc9tDEUiGOGRnoG7pPQCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoDJPPXjRp5eFp2xaNRYLSjAwP5mE5c031E6B1OMuOiM5dXTAa6G_srObHv2AqicygCmyM-zRfiF3aJCTaUF0uma54Ma1aSZ0fuoR6i8WCmy80eX6dHwqfBAZ354T58rhrIH6StDrewgTt8bZwQ0MutdSQELlf12oKCi9HH5k5x_XlDZoHoHABuz0vE4tGktSVDqGd8Fx0meJtrRURoxhNkNrOj32a3M5uVfQMsKVp32bT8iSDSGfYA9BlKsxecJHgmw5yKZldkhFjyjSuM-sxcuT3GUWViZqZCQFUhlU01UBy_q53jodUgHrcYtNykmKOAGRjdHl9UanSQUMH7XKLZ3R34QwN7ph5hEJnyS2PXovLZNYWoK5vmCosOrQsRsM5IaOnTx1IzFHybdDHi1lxc9xtMF9jXeCNneR_Ni1hkDhhCzVooyB5AS4H-vPEr7tKr3cQ5RRoCViU5hJls_gF4DaXfMai5LFJHsGAUrnx2L19vTBFptrGnt4SIR5orhdzEpQ1NQcr6xmxUKmAMoHzsL4XP_KLmenv2cUEWhMZTbf0QyZdPJyDvwaFxqz_AXp32Ue97zmLTbRHXZ-92EbFhhqAXUvooEufFqMKjK9_MF/s1600/image017.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="538" data-original-width="624" height="275" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SrWhAVMYIwQ/Xn3iiqAJpMI/AAAAAAAAGYk/rdZaJTI5Z6MTAfwc9tDEUiGOGRnoG7pPQCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoDJPPXjRp5eFp2xaNRYLSjAwP5mE5c031E6B1OMuOiM5dXTAa6G_srObHv2AqicygCmyM-zRfiF3aJCTaUF0uma54Ma1aSZ0fuoR6i8WCmy80eX6dHwqfBAZ354T58rhrIH6StDrewgTt8bZwQ0MutdSQELlf12oKCi9HH5k5x_XlDZoHoHABuz0vE4tGktSVDqGd8Fx0meJtrRURoxhNkNrOj32a3M5uVfQMsKVp32bT8iSDSGfYA9BlKsxecJHgmw5yKZldkhFjyjSuM-sxcuT3GUWViZqZCQFUhlU01UBy_q53jodUgHrcYtNykmKOAGRjdHl9UanSQUMH7XKLZ3R34QwN7ph5hEJnyS2PXovLZNYWoK5vmCosOrQsRsM5IaOnTx1IzFHybdDHi1lxc9xtMF9jXeCNneR_Ni1hkDhhCzVooyB5AS4H-vPEr7tKr3cQ5RRoCViU5hJls_gF4DaXfMai5LFJHsGAUrnx2L19vTBFptrGnt4SIR5orhdzEpQ1NQcr6xmxUKmAMoHzsL4XP_KLmenv2cUEWhMZTbf0QyZdPJyDvwaFxqz_AXp32Ue97zmLTbRHXZ-92EbFhhqAXUvooEufFqMKjK9_MF/s320/image017.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Yo gyo gba lu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lu I fe<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“ The spirit of the cult Divinity [is here] in the strong
habitation of the congregation, rest(ing) up right [here] Love [of the
Divinity]”.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In conclusion, this building was a temple. Where believers
could venerate their God(s). It would appear that the Believer could enter a
room and pray/worship their God(s) as an individual or group.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />Dr. Clyde Wintershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01153945762719431061noreply@blogger.com2