The original inhabitants of the Sahara where the Kemetic
civilization originated were Blacks not Berbers or Indo-European speakers
Winters,1994). These Blacks formerly lived in the highland regions of the
Fezzan and Hoggar until after 4000 BC. This ancient homeland of the Dravidians,
Egyptians, Sumerians, Niger-Kordofanian-Mande and Elamite speakers is called
the Fertile African Crescent. ( Anselin, 1989, p.16; Winters, 1983,1985,1991).
We call these people the Proto-Saharans (Winters 1985,1991). The generic term
for this group is Kushite. This explains the analogy between the Bafsudraalam
languages outlined briefly above (Winters, 1994). These Proto-Saharans were
called Ta-Seti and Tehenu by the Egyptians. Farid (1985,p.82) noted that
"We can notice that the beginning of the Neolithic stage in Egypt on the
edge of the Western Desert corresponds with the expansion of the Saharan
Neolithic culture and the growth of its population".
The inhabitants of the Fezzan were round headed Africans.
(Jelinek, 1985,p.273) The cultural characteristics of the Fezzanese were
analogous to C-Group culture items and the people of Ta-Seti . The C-Group
people occupied the Sudan and Fezzan regions between 3700-1300 BC (Jelinek
1985).
The inhabitants of Libya were called Tmhw (Temehus). The
Temehus were organized into two groups the Thnw (Tehenu) in the North and the
Nhsj (Nehesy) in the South. (Diop 1986). The Nehesy represented as the singular
Kushite or African type. As a result, in most translations of Egyptian text by
Egyptologists Nehesy, was translated as Negro. They did this to imply that the
Egyptians were non-Black, and only the Nehesy were Blacks in the Nile Valley.
A Tehenu personage is depicted on Amratian period pottery
(Farid 1985 ,p. 84). The Tehenu wore pointed beard, phallic sheath and feathers
on their head.
The Temehus are called the C-Group people by archaeologists
(Jelinek, 1985; Quellec, 1985). The central Fezzan was a center of C-Group
settlement. Quellec (1985, p.373) discussed in detail the presence of C-Group
culture traits in the Central Fezzan along with their cattle during the middle
of the Third millennium BC. The Tehenu and Tamehus are depicted on Rameses III
Table of Nations.
The Temehus or C-Group people began to settle Kush around
2200 BC. The kings of Kush had their capital at Kerma, in Dongola and a
sedentary center on Sai Island. The majority of the Tamehu did not migrate into
Kerma, they remained in the Fezzan and other parts of Libya. The same pottery
found at Kerma is also present in Libya especially the Fezzan.
The Temehus/ Tehenu were agro-pastoral population that lived
both in villages and dmi'w 'towns'. The Tehenu lived in the Delta between the
Temehu and the Egyptians. The Egyptians referred to all of the people in this
area most often by the generic tern "Tehenu”.
Oric Bates, in the The Eastern Libyans (1914),
wrote the following
As you can see from the quote from Bates the Temehu were recognized as an African population.
As you can see from the quote from Bates the Temehu were recognized as an African population.
The Tjemhu/Temehu which included the controled an area from
Cyrenaica to Syria. As a result, in textual material from the reign of Ramses
II, there is mention of Temehu towns in Syria. David O'Connor makes it
clear that Ramses III referred to these Temehu by the term Tehenu/ Tjehnyu
(p.64).
The use of different names to describe the Tehenu and Asian
in the Ramses III Table of Nations is understood in relation to the political
and ethnic conditions in Egypt and Western Asia during this period. The
research appears to indicate that the physiognomy of the Libyans had changed by
this time. This resulted , for the most part from the invasion of Egypt by Sea
Peoples in association with the Libu (Libyans).
The members of the coalition that attacked Egypt were led by
Meshesher the wr 'ruler' of the coalition. Each group was led by a "great
one" or a magnate. The Meshwesh were semi-nomads that lived both in
villages and dmi'w 'towns'. The Tehenu lived in the Delta between the Temehu
and the Egyptians. The Egyptians referred to all of the people in this area
most often by the generic tern "Tehenu".
The Meshwesh were very hostile to the Tehenu/Tjehnya. In fact, the first mention of the Meshwesh in Ramses III inscriptions relating to 1188, was the attack on the Tehenu, by the Meshwqesh, Soped and Sea People .
The Meshwesh were very hostile to the Tehenu/Tjehnya. In fact, the first mention of the Meshwesh in Ramses III inscriptions relating to 1188, was the attack on the Tehenu, by the Meshwqesh, Soped and Sea People .
David O'Connor makes it clear that the the records of Ramses III make it clear that the Meshweshy "savagely" attacked the Tehenu and looted their cities during their advance to Egypt (p.35 & 105).
The coalition of the Meshweshy had each unit of the army organized into "family or tribal ' units under the leadership of a "great one". As result to understand why the Asian and Tehenu figures on the Table of Nations are identified differently you have use both the pictorical and textual material from the reign of Ramses III to understand the representations.
As a result, Palestianian -Syrian personage or figure D, is labled Tehenu because he was probably a member of one the Meshwesh units that fought the Egyptians, thus he was labled Tehenu ( David O'Connor (1990).
The Meshwesh are different from the Tehenu and the original
Tamehu recorded by the Egyptians prior to the New Kingdom. Below we see the
traditional depiction of a Tamehu, the sidelock, shoulder cape and clean face
note absence of feathers in the hair.
The Meshwesh wore Tehenu traditional costumes but they are not believed to be real Tehenu. The Tehenu and the Temehu usually wore different costumes. In the New Kingdom depictions of the Temehu, the Meshwesh have "long chin beards", like the Syrian-Palestinians and Peoples of the Sea. They wear kilts, sheaths and capes open at the front tied at one shoulder. Like the earlierTehenu they wore feathers as a sign of High Status.
David O'Connor makes it clear that there was "marked hetergeneity of the Tjemhu" (p.41). The first attack by Libyans on Egypt were led by the Libu during the 5th year of Ramses III's reign. Diop has provided convincing evidence that the Libu, later migrated into Senegal, where they presently live near Cape Verde.
The Meshwesh wore Tehenu traditional costumes but they are not believed to be real Tehenu. The Tehenu and the Temehu usually wore different costumes. In the New Kingdom depictions of the Temehu, the Meshwesh have "long chin beards", like the Syrian-Palestinians and Peoples of the Sea. They wear kilts, sheaths and capes open at the front tied at one shoulder. Like the earlierTehenu they wore feathers as a sign of High Status.
David O'Connor makes it clear that there was "marked hetergeneity of the Tjemhu" (p.41). The first attack by Libyans on Egypt were led by the Libu during the 5th year of Ramses III's reign. Diop has provided convincing evidence that the Libu, later migrated into Senegal, where they presently live near Cape Verde.
The difference in dress among the Meshwesh and Tehenu, and
their hostility toward the Tehenu, have led many researchers to see the Temehu
of the New Kingdom as a different group from the original Temehu of Egyptian
traditions. O'Connor (p.74) in the work cited above makes it clear that the
Temehu in Ramses III day--"[have] hairstyles, dress and apparently ethnic
type [that] are markedly different from the Tjehnyu/tjemhu of the Old Kingdom
(Osing, 1980,1018-19).
Various explanations have been offered: Wainwright, for example,
concluded that 'Meshwesh was a mixed tribe of Libu like tribesmen with their
native chiefs who become subject to a family of Tjehnu origin'(1962,p.92),
while Osing suggested that the New Kingdowm Tjemhu had displaced or absorbed
the earlier Tjehnyu but had selectively taken over or retained some Tjehnyu
traits, in the case of the rulers for Meshwesh (1980,1019-1020). Dr. O'Connor
is of the opinion "that some rulers of the later New Kingdom Tjemhu
deliberately adopted traits they discovered from the Egyptians to be
characteristic of ancient Tjehnyu/ Tjemhu, so as to increase there prestige, or
in some way had these rtraits imposed upon them by the Egyptians" (p.74).
It is my opinion that given the organiztion of the Libyans into mhwt "family or tribal groups', sometime prior to 1230 BC over an extended period of time Indo-European speaking people later to be known as Peoples of the Sea entered Western Asia and Libya and were adopted by Tehenu families. This adoption of the new immigrants by Tehenu/Tamehu probably led to the Meshwesh and Soped adopting Tehenu customs but maintaining their traditional beards,. The original Temehu, like the Libu probably saw the integration of Sea Peoples into Temehu society as a way to increase their number and possibily conquer Egypt.
It is my opinion that given the organiztion of the Libyans into mhwt "family or tribal groups', sometime prior to 1230 BC over an extended period of time Indo-European speaking people later to be known as Peoples of the Sea entered Western Asia and Libya and were adopted by Tehenu families. This adoption of the new immigrants by Tehenu/Tamehu probably led to the Meshwesh and Soped adopting Tehenu customs but maintaining their traditional beards,. The original Temehu, like the Libu probably saw the integration of Sea Peoples into Temehu society as a way to increase their number and possibily conquer Egypt.
The C-Group or Temehus also founded the Kerma dynasty of
Kush. Diop (1986, p.72) noted that the "earliest substratum of the Libyan
population was a black population from the south Sahara". Kerma was first
inhabited in the 4th millennium BC (Bonnet 1986). By the 2nd millennium BC
Kushites at Kerma were already worshippers of Amon/Amun and they used a
distinctive black-and-red ware (Bonnet 1986; Winters 1985b,1991). Amon, later
became a major god of the Egyptians during the 18th Dynasty.
References:
Anselin,A.(1984). "Zeus, Ethiopien Minos Tamoul",
Carbet Revue Martinique de Sciences Humaines,no. 2:31-50
Bonnet,C. (1986). Kerma: Territoire et Metropole. Cairo:
Instut Francais D'Archeologie Orientale du Caire
Diop, A.(1987). Precolonial Black Africa. (trans. ) by
Harold Salemson, Westport: Lawrence Hill & Company
Jelinek,J. (1985). "Tillizahren,the Key Site of the
Fezzanese Rock Art". Anthropologie (Brno),23(3):223-275.
O'Connor,D. (1990) "The nature of Tjemhu (Libyan)
society in later New Kingdom; in Libya and Egypt c1300-750 BC”. (Ed.) by Athony
Leahy (pp.29-113), SOAS Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies and the
Society for Libyan Studies, 1990.
Quellec,J-L le. (1985). "Les Gravures Rupestres Du
Fezzan (Libye)". L'Anthropologie, 89 (3):365-383.
Winters, C.A. (1983). "The Ancient Manding
Script". In Blacks in Science:Ancient and Modern. (ed.) by Ivan van
Sertima, (New Brunswick: Transaction Books) pp.208-215.
__________. (1985). "The Proto-Culture of the
Dravidians, Manding and Sumerians". Tamil Civilization,3(1):1-9.
___________. (1991). "The Proto-Sahara". The
Dravidian Encyclopaedia, (Trivandrum: International School of Dravidia).
Linguistics) pp.553-556. Volume l.
__________.(1994) Afrocentrism: A Valid Frame of Reference.
Journal of Black Studies, December 1, 1994, pp.170-90.
16 comments:
I have rarely read such racist nonsense. Especially when the North Africans, including the Egyptians, are shown as more than clearly North Africans and also lighter-skinned. You can easily trace this back 17,000 years. The Sahra is the largest natural border in the world. That is why the North Africans exist there in the first place. Here groups are mixed that have nothing to do with each other. You also made the mistake of portraying a Nubian as an Egyptian. There are other similar comparisons of peoples from other temples. There the Egyptians all look different. There are tons of depictions of Egyptians and none of them look like the one you show from Ramses' tomb.
The discovery of this article is greatly appreciated, and it is reassuring to see that scholars continue to engage with and recognize the importance of our history. The terms discussed within the article can be accurately translated, as they reflect the heritage of our earliest ancestors, who played a pivotal role in shaping the core of our identity, alongside other ancient Libyan tribes and many others. In contrast, those who have attempted to claim these terms have demonstrated a lack of understanding of their true meanings and have been unable to provide accurate translations, often resorting to arbitrary speculation, among other things. Furthermore, the coastal regions of Libya and Egypt experienced a gradual southward shift due to the arrival of various peoples for a variety of reasons. Excellent work, and sincere appreciation for this important contribution to the field
Why are you unfairly labeling this respectful and honest author as racist? In reality, your comment appears deliberately misleading and rooted in ignorance. It is you who is promoting a racist and deceptive narrative.
These are our ancestors, the Tehenu, the Temehu, the Garamantes and the Libyan Pharaoh Sheshonq I who descended from the Tehenu origin and held the title “Great Chief of the Ma” (with Ma referring to nobility, not the Meshwesh). His lineage included his grandfather Buyu-Wawa and his son Auput the ruler and priest. There was also another Libyan Pharaoh named Bami, from the same family, and his grandfather was also Buyu-Wawa.
Is there any Berber named Buyu-Wawa? Regardless of anything, these names carry meanings and my own 5th grandfather is called Buyu. If you look at the Duguwa dynasty list of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, you will find the 7th name is Buyu-Ma. This name appears again and again in our heritage.
Our people come in every shade from the darkest to the lightest and vice versa however, we are all Black, all descended from the same Black ancestors. Are you blind to the fact that these people are Black people, not Berbers?
Some writers have denied the facts, using olive-skinned Tehenu and invented European traits for Temehu and Messay Gerald claimed Tamahu means "created white" while others claimed blonde and blue eyes and other nonsense things.
In truth:Tehenu = “Southern Land,” Te = land and henu = south Temehu = “Eastern Land,” te = land and mehu = east Garamantes = Ga (language) + Ra (speakerw) + Ma (in this context means people/sons), so the name means "Ga-Speaking People” or “Sons of Ga-speakers” for example call ourselves Garama to outsiders, the term Gara is our ancient term and Gara'an is derived from our ancestors Garamantes and the suffix an means people in our language Ga NOT Arabic.
Before the Greeks arrived in Africa, Amazigh/Berber invaded Aguila oasis—including Nasamones and 4 Tuareg tribes and now in Niger (moved to Niger around 11th or 14th century to Air) conquered Awjila. The name Aguila means "the low [land]" where "la" refers to the land itself. Aguila is the plural form used to refer to the inhabitants of the region, while "le" is used for a single individual. The term Agulie refers specifically to an inhabitant of Aguila. Historically, the area was originally known as Wajulo, which comprised three oases under this name. Eventually, the capital oasis adopted the name Aguila, while the other two oases became known as Jalu which carries a similar meaning etc.
Pharaoh Sheshonq I, a Tehenu Libyan, is confirmed by the Pasenhor Stela, which lists his origin, sons, cousins and grandfather Boyo-Wawa. His son Auput, a priest-ruler, held the name meaning “Man of Status” and the Letter T = of
Buyu-Wawa reflects place names in Libya such as Waw al-Kabir, Waw an-Namus, Wari, Ozwu in Chad and others. The term Buyu means “Big,” so Buyu-Wawa can be interpreted as “The Big Man of The Wawa.” The name Meshwesh the Berber group is never mentioned in the Pasenhour Stela, yet Eurocentric have deliberately misled the world by inserting terms like "Meshwesh" to distort the truth—claiming that “Ma” refers to Meshwesh, even when the individual’s lineage clearly traces back to the Tehenu, as shown by his grandfather’s name and other historical evidence. These distortions echo the same mentality that was used to strip ancient Egypt of its Black identity and destroyed its history. Today, this mindset continues, targeting Black people in Libya especially my people by erasing and rewriting our history. But we will not be silenced and we will fix it. We are Black, and we are proud of who we are and where we come from.
This title echoes in the Kanem-Bornu dynasty: their Duguwa Mai Buyuma means “The Big of The Nobles" Sheshonq’s title, “Great Chief of the Ma,” reinforces this shared Tehenu nobility, showing a continuous lineage Tehenu (Temehu) are the ancestors of Garamantes who are our direct ancestors.
The reply is quite long, so make sure to read the second part.
This is the the second part which is the continuation of my first message to you, Erkenntnisse so read it.
Our people have lived throughout North Africa from the Mediterranean to the Sahel since the dawn of history. We know our history very well and these are our direct Toubou ancestors. We even know the direct descendants of the ruling family of the Garamantes. Everything will be corrected.
The name Ama-Zagh in our language means "camp-people", where ama means people and zagh means camp. We are also called Zaghna, both of which carry the same meaning: zagh = camp and na = people. This reflects the existence of two dialects among our people. Across the entire Sahara, zagh consistently means camp, and its origin traces back to our language GA.
Even the name Tamasheq follows a similar structure: T stands for land, ama for people, and sheq like jegh, hegh, and others is a later phonetic variation or corruption of zagh, still retaining the original meaning of camp. Over time, these evolved into locative terms used throughout the region.
It is disappointing to see misleading interpretations such as those promoted by a Libyan Berber-named author, Nesmenser, on his site "https://www.temehu.com/Temehu.htm" Despite identifying as a Berber himself, he fails to explain the true meaning of Nesamones, the name of his own ancestors or even Amazagh. Nasamones = Basa‑meh “Nasamones” is a corrupted form of Basa-mehu “Eastern Sands”. Or Ne = country Basa = sands Mehu = east so “Country of the Eastern Sands” It fits perfectly between Aguila and Zelia, just as Ptolemy and Pliny the Elder described, and the name is clearly linked to a specific locality and these people of Aguila ruined our history our Garamantes history and also for the Psylli the Amazagh group too and they reappeared during Pliny. Pliny mentioned many of our Tubu place names and our people names. We have already clarified meanings even beyond our own cultural scope, yet such distortions persist continuing the cycle of misrepresentation, cultural erasure, and historical concealment. Figure out the meanings of Zelia and Fezzan. Our name, Tubu, means "Great Land." Tu (also expressed as "Ta", "Te", "Ti" etc.) means "land", and Bu means "Great". Even the structure of our names reflects that of our ancestors, the Tehenu ("Temehu") and the "Gara'an", like our Garamantes ancestors, true proud warrior race and true Great the Sahara Desert Men. Jaghbub means "Great House". And what about Birdia and Fodiboui? You will never guess it. Fodiboui refers to present-day Ajdabiya. And Zelitin? Figure that one out first, then come speak to me.
You claimed 17,000, but I don’t believe that’s accurate. By the end of the Old Stone Age, around 10,000 BCE, only the Tehenu (Temehu) were present throughout the Mediterranean basin, from Egypt to Morocco and beyond. We, the Toubou, at least have 30,000 in the region today, and that is confirmed. So if the Tehenu (Temehu) are considered the oldest, then who came before them? Who is truly the oldest? Figure out the true name of Zelitin and who lived there first. It’s not even that old then come speak to me.
Thousands of prehistoric rock art pieces were created by the Tehenu (Temehu), who engraved images of themselves in one of our homelands in Libya not Akakus somewhere else. These depictions are still there thousands and our homeland continues to carry the name of our ancestors Tehenu (Temehu). Yet, this legacy is often overlooked or downplayed by Eurocentric scholars, who frequently avoid acknowledging its significance. The name Akakus is of our Tubu origin, which may explain why Eurocentric sources doesnt explain its meaning. since the name clearly traces back to our people and heritage. We have many of our ancestral names called Jerman (German) G pronune as "J". The Jerman Oasis also holds cultural significance and meaning tied to our history.
Keyboard mistake Jerma Djourma, Germa etc this is the true name of Garama
To clarify, in the name Wajulo, the element “la” does not refer to land itself—as I had previously noted in error due to writing too quickly. In reality, “la” is a plural suffix indicating the inhabitants of a place, while “le” refers to a single inhabitant. The oasis known today as Aujila (Awjila) was originally called Wajulo, a name that means “the curved and low.” A nearby location called Julo oasis carries a similar meaning, which reinforces the descriptive nature of the name and its connection to the region’s geography.
As for the name Buyu, the first word “Bu” means “Big,” just as it does in our ethnonym Tubu (Tu-Bu). However, in this context, “Bu” does not refer to his physical size but rather to greatness, status or importance. The second part of the name, “Yu” is an augmentative form that intensifies the meaning so Buyu essentially means “Very Big” or “Great One”.
Hello,
Your article is insightful and well-written. However, certain historical facts—especially regarding the Temehu—were deliberately distorted and obscured by Eurocentric scholars, which may have limited the full accuracy of your work. For example, some historians have strategically used terms like “basin” to subtly reinforce misleading narratives—such as the myth of the Temehu being blonde—targeting uninformed audiences and among many other things.
That said, your effort is still appreciated and understandable, given the sources that were available to you. Thank you for contributing to this important discussion.
I came back to correct some points that might confuse people. When I said we Tubu range from the darkest to the lightest (brown), I meant various shades within the black complexion spectrum from dark to brown, not white.
After I shared a link by the Barbarian author Nesmenser, may some confusion arise. I originally said he misrepresented the names of our ancestors but I also need to stress that the white depictions of the Temehu he used are fake. That is why the images he used appear only in black and white, they were fabricated. These false depictions were based on Eurocentric inventions designed to push the lie that the Temehu were white Europeans even Oric Bates used black and white of the Temehu at Deir el-Bahari to mislead the public. This is false. In truth the Temehu were simply Tehenu tribes (Blacks) who migrated eastward towards Sudan and thus came to be called Temehu meaning “Eastern Land” Both the Tehenu and Temehu had the same complexion firmly within the Black spectrum. Many depictions such as those at Deir el-Bahari clearly show the Temehu as dark-skinned Black people, not white.
This liar Nesmenser made further errors. He thought the name Garama was a human name and falsely claimed their people called Nasamones descended from an ancestor called Garama the same of the Garamantes came from him. Even worse, he appropriated the identities of our Garamantian tribes. Tedamansi or Teda-ma-nsi, is a clear Tubu tribe from which the oasis name Ghadames derives. He listed them in the Ghadames page as Berbers/Tuareg. Our tribe was mentioned by Pliny and Ptolemy located them between Fazzan and Tripolitana. The Alele cities also spelled Alala and in English or French Alelean, were a Garamantian tribe of Tubu origin whose cities were mentioned by Pliny as well as Cillaba just like Buluba were also of Tubu origin and all of our tribes are still exist. He deliberately claimed these were Tuareg tribe and city names in the Ghadames page and Garamantes were the ancestors of Tuareg which is disgraceful.
To be clear the Tuareg themselves did not commit this distortion, the Amazigh did. Those who called them “Barbarians” (Berbers, Barbarous) were right. Nesmenser even celebrated discovering that “Berber” was used by the ancient Egyptians yet ignored that the word Amazagh in Tubu Dazaga origin and literally means “camp people.” In Tedaga Zaghna has the same literal meaning as i already explained and both were also mentioned in the Kanem-Bornu Diwan. We Tubu know this term is ours and it has a clear meaning, it was given by our ancestors when they fled to the southern regions during the Arab conquest of N. Africa and literally means camp people.
Every place and tribal names of Garamantes mentioned by Pliny during the Roman campaign of 19 BC under Lucius Cornelius Balbus corresponds to Tubu tribes and place names in the heart of Fazzan, the Garamantian country. Eurocentrics deliberately obscured the identity of the Garamantes. The name Garama itself has a clear meaning. For example, the name of the Phazania tribe can be broken down in Tubu as Fu, meaning ancestor’s name, Zan or zen is derived from Zeila, the original Tubu name of the Fazzan region, and Na is a suffix, meaning people. So Fu + zan + Na = Fuzeilana, a clear Tubu tribe of the Garamantes.
The British scholar Henri Richardson Palmer solved the Garamantes question with evidence showing they were our Tubu ancestors though his book still contains mistakes about tribal origins and other mistakes. Eurocentrics manipulated Herodotus’ writings in the 1800s with the help of the German traveler Hornemann who corresponded with the English consulate in Tripoli. His letters were sent to England and English then shifted attention and suspicion away from them in this way. Later the German Heinrich Barth collected information from the Diwan of Kanem-Bornu Mais (Kings). The English deliberately misspelled the name Buyu-Ma as Ayuma, adyuma etc, a Duguwa dynasty ruler, to conceal its connection to Buyu-Wawa, grandfather of Sheshonq founder of the 22nd and 23rd dynasties of Egypt of Tehenu origin from the Ma tribe with the Tehenu. The current Kanem-Bornu royal family descends directly from this same ruling line who were also Garamantian rulers. Eurocentric left names of the Kings like Alooma or Dounama unchanged since they were less obvious but twisted Dunama. Its real meaning is Dun meaning power, Ay meaning man, and Dunay meaning strong man with Ma marking his tribal identity.
Eurocentrics also distorted Pliny’s writings using information provided to them by Gustav Nachtigal who described the Tubu tribes. Look! Nachtigal (Vol. 2 p. 247) noted the Alâli (Alele) oases p 247, the three most beautiful oases in Kanem, there is also a well called Bir Alele in Kanem, a famous place, both named after the Alele tribe a Tubu (Garamantian) tribe. Eurocentrics twisting Pliny’s writings by removing names, changing words and leaving fragments. The Tamaigi and Alele both Tubu tribes from the same origin, and descendants of royal origin connected directly to the Garamantian (Kanem-Bornu) kings. The fabricated name Gamaphastes was invented by Eurocentric writers, not by Pliny or others, to mislead the public. Their distortions were deliberate aimed at erasing or hiding the Garamantes while leaving confusing fragments of Tubu. These white humans deliberately did it. Tubu tribes were the Garamantes with all of the evidence Tubu have and it is clear that these whites manipulated historical sources like Herodotus and Pliny in particular to discredit and deceive the public. They manipulated Herodotus writings to mislead the public then they fixed it in the Pliny’s writings however they still removed the Tubu from our legacy but they fixed the problem here as one can see and no one was able to differentiate Tubu tribes throughout the history. Look Nichtigal didn’t figure out the origin of the Tamugra (Tamaigi) tribe and he said they are mysterious when he saw them so Eurocentric didn’t know hence excluded Alele and we don’t know what else they did or hid and Tamaigi when in fact both not only Tubu but also from the same origin. These whites devised a well thought out plan because we are Tubu Blacks.
Even Oric Bates admitted that Herodotus’ passages were corrupted though he still downplayed the truth. He noted that northern Fazzan was inhabited by Black people and how did he know that? but he used vague wording avoiding the name Tubu/Garamantes. The A.D. Godley translation of Herodotus published by Harvard and Cambridge is untrustworthy. These institutions including Oxford have been among the worst offenders in distorting African history. If one wants to know about a tribe’s history ask the tribe themselves and don’t ask a tribe about another tribe’s history.
Palmer’s original book was reprinted in the same way as Haynes’ book. For example Haynes (D.E.L.H) originally wrote in 1946 that the Garamantes were generally classified as Aethiopians, meaning Blacks. But in his 1955 reprinted he softened his language and by 1959 he added the false story of white Temehu posing it as a “problem needs to be solved.” Palmer’s book, listed as originally published in 1970 but actually dated 1926, contains suspicious misspellings likely deliberate. Yet on the last page he still solved the Garamantes question.
The Tuareg came from Upper Egypt migrated to the Fazzan around the 4th or 5th centuries, in what is now Hoggar, southern Algeria, and formed the Houwara confederation. The Sultanate of Aïr Diwan also records 4 Tuareg tribes migrating from Awjila in Libya to Aïr in Niger a fact known among all historians. from modern traditions and the chronicle of Ahir which reads:
“The origin of the Sultanate of Ahir is that four tribes, “the Iteseyen,
Jedalanan, Azaranan, and Afadanan, came to Aïr from Aujila (Fezzan) and invaded the Husa homeland t and dwelt there a long time without a Sultan. Later, so it is recorded, five tribes of the San-Dala, which in common are called Imakitan, made a Sultan of Air A.D. 1404. The Tuareg came from Upper Egypt migrated to the Fazzan around the 4th or 5th centuries, in what is now Hoggar, southern Algeria, and formed the Houwara confederation.
Finally it is clear that Erkenntnisse neither read Bates’ book nor knows history. If Erkenntnisse had, would not say North Africans that clearly show more than North Africans and “lighter-skinned” in a European sense. The Meshwesh were associated with the Sea Peoples, (Europeans), as Oric Bates correctly noted.
Today’s lighter-skinned in other words the whites in North Africans descend largely from European influx over centuries for various forms pirates, settlers, invaders etc. Generally speaking, I swear the so-called white people of North Africa are not indigenous. Their history is fake, and they have stolen and used our Tubu ancestors to build themselves up and Eurocentric (Whites) did it to fight Afrocentric (Blacks)
These distortions of Tubu history were not done out of love for Berbers but out of envy, spite and hatred towards Blacks in general by Eurocentric (Whites). Otherwise Palmer would never have revealed the true meaning of Amazagh (camp people). Amazaga is their language, Tamaziga means ‘the land of the Amazagh (camp people) language,’ and it is a purely Tubu formation.
These Berbers or in general don’t even know the meanings of Garama, Zenkekra, Acacus and many other names because they are of Tubu origin. Eurocentrics focused only on the Fazzan so they could insert Berbers/Tuareg into the story as part of their malicious attempt to target weak minds. In reality, the Garamantes also lived in the desert of Cyrenaica. Eurocentrics have avoided revealing the history of Gebel El-Awainat, the Arkenu rock art, Tazerbu, Jaghbub and the region in general because its history is directly tied to the Tehenu (Temehu) and the Garamantes. The Tehenu themselves took their name from Gebel El-Awainat, and its original name, Tehenu, is still preserved by us Tubu along with many other place names even Temehu. Eurocentrics distorted our entire Tubu history and among Tubu too—thinking we would never discover the truth. Gerhard Rohlfs went there as part of a Eurocentric mission, and like all these so-called white historians came with the aim to hide and falsify Tubu history.
Eurocentrics stole our Garamantian ancestors. Despite the overwhelming evidence that the Garamantes were Tubu, they twisted the record against us to erase our history and poison weak minds. In the 1950s, an Austrian historian visited Tibesti and investigated its caves but found no evidence of any trace of human habitation there and he also figured Tubu were Garamantes who received a gold medal for his work and his work not fully as whole because he did not Tehenu and Temehu are the ancestors of Garamantes and among other things, yet Tibesti is just one of our homelands and most of our people migrated there around 1400-1700 CE. Some Tubu tribes never lived in Tibesti at all, which shows how they deliberately manipulated Herodotus’ accounts. At the same time, they tampered with Pliny’s writings to obscure the truth, removing traces of our Garamantian ancestors but they fixed our Tubu history in Pliny as one see all of our tribe and place listed there and Herodotus passages were created by Eurocentric. Today Eurocentrics weaponize these fake Herodotus passages against Afrocentrics and Black people in general, to disconnect Black people in general from our heritage.
They even circulated a fake image from Zelitin, claiming it showed Garamantian prisoners of war held by Romans, depicting them as white or light-skinned. But there is no evidence those people were Garamantes—the goal was simply to strip the Garamantes of their Black identity. Even Wikipedia doesn’t allow us to correct our pages and representing wrong history deliberately. Ama, am and ma are synonyms of Ana, an and na all mean people and Ama and Ana are prefixes and the others are suffixes and Ma has layered meanings. These distortions are they may require an international court. White people are deliberately falsifying and distorting our Tubu history because the truth does not serve their agenda. The whites are the ones controlling historical documents/records and showing us only what they want us to see. What they are doing is unequal and unfair, and as one can see, they are petty people. This is very dangerous because their European children those in North Africa are deliberately using our Tubu ancestors’ names as their own. I swear, such acts could cost peoples’ lives. These Europeans, whatever they go, create problems among the ignorant and sick societies to divide and control weak minds especially in Africa in general. Palmer stated that it can hardly be doubted that these groups are substantially the same as the “Ahel Gara” (ahel = people) mentioned in the Diwan, with Gara’an (Tubu) corresponding to the Garamantes. While he mentioned the Tehenu, he deliberately omitted the Tubu ancestors. I am certain he knew the truth, which is likely why his book was later reprinted—to hide and erase some information about Garamantes, Tehenu etc he had originally published just like what Haynes did.
On page 49, Oric Bates notes that Ptolemy (iv. 6 § 5) describes the Libyan Garamantes as extending southeast to Lake Nuba (Psebo?). In Tubu, the term “Psebo” literally means “Big Fish” which is fitting as this lake is the largest in the region.
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