Blue Eyes and Light skin is not Unique to Europeans

Ancient Europeans had dark skin.  Africans took the light skin alleles to Europe. Many Africans also have blue eyes. The chart below was done by  zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova of the Egyptsearch site,

The Semitic Languages Originated in Nile Valley

The Semitic languages are native to the Nile Valley. As a result, Semitic should be recognized as an African language. I call the Semitic languages Puntite languages.
The Semitic speaking people are native to the Nile Valley and Northeast Africa, they did not originate in Arabia.

The Semitic languages are divided into four groups: North-east Semitic, Northwest Semitic, Southeast Semitic and Southwest Semitic. The Ethiopian Semitic languages belong to the Southeast Semitic subgroup.

In ancient times modern Ethiopia and Somalia was called Punt. As a result I call the Semitic languages of Ethiopia: Puntite languages. In the Sumerian texts these Puntites may have been called Meluhhaites.

The Puntites lived in the Eastern desert of Egypt and Arabia for many years and on the Horn of Africa. The earliest representatives of this group are depicted on the Ivory label of King Dan (Udimu) of the first Dynasty of Kemit.



In the Ivory label of King Dan , we see Dan holding a mace “smiting the enemy”. The people were identified a jwntj.w "people with hunting bows”, and inhabitants of the Eastern Desert. The jewenetejes, were probably Semitic or Puntite speakers . Like the Jewenetejes the Puntites wore beards. The use of the bow by the Jeweneteje suggest that they were related to the Kushites.



The existence of Punt, in areas where Semitic languages is spoken plus several Semitic languages in the Sudan, especially Habesha suggest the presence of Semitic speakers in the Nile Valley since pre-Egyptian times. The Egyptians referred to Punt as "God's Land".



Punt is usually situated by researchers in the Red Sea Coast near the region where the Medjay lived, on into modern Ethiopia. this part of Africa was called Meluhha by the Assyrians.



Much of what we know about Punt comes from the Deir el-Bahri temple , On this mural is depicted the Puntite King Parahu (right) and his wife Ati. Note that King Parahu wears a beard



These areas today are inhabited by Semitic speakers ( Puntites, Habesha and etc). The intimacy between the Puntites and Egyptians make it clear that Semitic speakers were recognized as a respected population related to the Egyptians. This would explain the Semitic speaking populations in the Nile Valley who are not Arabic speakers. This is why I call the African Semitic languages Puntite languages because they were probably formerly spoken by the people of Punt.

The pre-Egyptian presence of Semitic speakers in the Nile Valley is supported by 1) the presence of Habesha and Colloquial Sudanese Arabic (CSA) in the Sudan and Nile Valley; and 2) Semitic loan words in ancient Egyptian and Meroitic.. Is a semitic language but it is not Arabic. If Semitic languages in the Sudan were the result of the spread of Islam, CSA would be an Arabic dialect--but it is not an Arabic dialect.

Anta Diop found an African root at the base of Semitic root words. Dr. Diop noted that the Semitic tri consonant root system is genetically related to the African root words in Semitic.



As a result, I call the Semitic languages Puntite languages. Egyptian and Semitic languages shared grammatical features and cognate. Egyptian Semitic terms were recognized by Erman and Albright (See: A. Erman. 1885. "Das Verhiltnis des Aegyptischen zu den semitischen Sprachen" ,ZDMG,1 XLVI, 9.; and W. F. Albright, Egypto-Semitic Etymology, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Jan.),pp. 81-98).
CSL and Arabic are two distinct Semitic languages. In modern day Sudan, Colloquial Sudanese Arabic is recognized as a lingua franca or slang language.

Anas Elbashir Ahmed Musa has used comparative linguistic methods to illustrate the genetic linguistic relationship between Old Sudanese Language (Colloquial Sudanese Arabic) and Meroitic. Brother Anas Elbashir has illustrated the continued use of classical Meroitic terms among contemporary Sudanese.

Arabic scholars recognize that CSL is a Semitic language unique to the Sudanese because it has many vocabulary items from Sudanese languages including Nubian, but, especially Beja or Bidaweet.The relationship between Egyptian and Semitic and the Cognate Meroitic-Colloquial Sudanese Arabic or Classical Sudanese Language (CSL) Semitic terms makes it clear the Semitic languages originated in the Nile Valley and expanded from there into Eurasia.

The earliest civilization in Southwest Arabia date back to the 2nd Millenium. This culture is called the Tihama culture which originated in Africa. The people of the Tihama culture included Puntites.

This civilization probably originated in Nubia. It is characterized by the cheesecake or pillbox burial monuments which extend from Dhofar in Nubia, the Gara mountains to Adulis on the Gulf of Zula, to Hadramaut, Qataban, Ausan, Adenm, Asir, the Main area and Tihama.

Brother Anas Elbashir, after comparing Colloquial Sudanese Arabic to words in my Meroitic Word List, has illustrated the continued use of classical Meroitic terms among contemporary Sudanese.

In conclusion the Semitic speakers originated in the Nile Valley. The Puntites like the jwntj.w and other people in the Eastern Desert wore beards .

There was no back migration of Semitic speakers from Arabia into Africa. The migration was not into the Sudan, the Tihama material makes it clear the migration was from the Sudan/Nile Valley into Arabia.



Semitic and CSL are related to ancient Egyptian and Meroitic If the Semitic speakers in the Nile Valley , were due to a back migration from Asia into the Nile Valley Semitic speakers would speak an Arabic dialect instead of CSL.The Puntites were Semitic speakers.

Ancient Mankind was Black Skinned

Iain Mathieson (2020), The evolution of skin pigmentation associated variation in West Eurasia https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.085274v1.full.pdf

This article is further confirmation that the ancient Europeans were Black skinned. Mathieson et al, wrote that: “The genetic scores of the oldest individuals in the dataset fall within the range of present-day West African populations, showing that Early Upper Paleolithic [~50-20,000 years BP] modern humans, such as Ust’Ishim, carried few of the light skin pigmentation alleles that are common in present-day Europe.”

The authors recognized that not only were the Upper Paleolithic anatomically modern humans (AMH) Black, the Neanderthal and Denisovans were also Black. “Relatively dark skin pigmentation in Early Upper Paleolithic Europe would be consistent with those populations being relatively poorly adapted to high latitude conditions as a result of having recently migrated from lower latitudes. On the other hand, although we have shown that these  populations carried few of the light pigmentation alleles that are segregating in present-day Europe, they may have carried different alleles that we cannot now detect. As an extreme example, Neanderthals and the Altai Denisovan individual show genetic scores that are in a similar range to Early Upper Paleolithic individuals (Table S1), but it is highly plausible that 258 these populations, who lived at high latitudes for hundreds of thousands of years, would have adapted independently to low UV levels. For this reason, we cannot confidently make statements about the skin pigmentation of ancient populations.”

This final statement is false. We can say the pigment of the ancient Europeans was Black/Dark skinned.

Continuity of Negro Eurasian DNA 44,000-7,000 BC

We now know the   DNA carried by the Black Gravettan and Magdalenian based on a recent paper: Paleolithic DNA from the Caucasus reveals core of West Eurasian ancestry, by Iosif Lazaridis, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Swapan Mallick, Nick Patterson, Olivia Cheronet, Nadin Rohland, Guy Bar-Oz, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Nino Jakeli, Eliso Kvavadze, David Lordkipanidze, Zinovi Matzkevich, Tengiz Meshveliani, Brendan J. Culleton, Douglas J. Kennett, Ron Pinhasi, David Reich https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/423079v1.full

Lazardis et al wrote: “ Furthermore, Dzudzuana shares more alleles with Villabruna-cluster groups than with other ESHG (Extended Data Fig. 5b), suggesting that this European affinity was specifically related to the Villabruna cluster, and indicating that the Villabruna affinity of PGNE populations from Anatolia and the Levant is not the result of a migration into the Near East from Europe. Rather, ancestry deeply related to the Villabruna cluster was present not only in Gravettian and Magdalenian-era Europeans3 but also in the populations of the Caucasus, by ~26kya. Neolithic Anatolians, while forming a clade with Dzudzuana with respect to ESHG (Extended Data Fig. 5a), share more alleles with all other PGNE …”

The authors report that these Eurasians carried mtDNA N and U6 and Y-Cromosome R1 like the Villabruna cluster. The mtDNA dates back to Cro-Magnon times when modern humans entered Europe.

The Khoisan founded civilization in Europe. They were the first Europeans. The Aurignacian civilization was founded by the Cro-Magnon people who originated in Africa. They took this culture to Western Europe across the Straits of Gibraltar. The Cro-Magnon people were probably Bushman/Khoi.

There have been numerous "Negroid skeletons" found in Europe. Marcellin Boule and Henri Vallois, in Fossil Man, provide an entire chapter on the Africans/Negroes of Europe Anta Diop also discussed the Negroes of Europe in Civilization or Barbarism, pp.25-68. Also W.E. B. DuBois, discussed these Negroes in the The World and Africa, pp.86-89. DuBois noted that "There was once a an "uninterrupted belt' of Negro culture from Central Europe to South Africa" (p.88).

Boule and Vallois, note that "To sum up, in the most ancient skeletons from the Grotte des Enfants we have a human type which is readily comparable to modern types and especially to the Negritic or Negroid type" (p.289). They continue, "Two Neolithic individuals from Chamblandes in Switzerland are Negroid not only as regards their skulls but also in the proportions of their limbs. Several Ligurian and Lombard tombs of the Metal Ages have also yielded evidences of a Negroid element.

Since the publication of Verneau's memoir, discoveries of other Negroid skeletons in Neolithic levels in Illyria and the Balkans have been announced. The prehistoric statues, dating from the Copper Age, from Sultan Selo in Bulgaria are also thought to protray Negroids.

In 1928 Rene Bailly found in one of the caverns of Moniat, near Dinant in Belgium, a human skeleton of whose age it is difficult to be certain, but seems definitely prehistoric. It is remarkable for its Negroid characters, which give it a reseblance to the skeletons from both Grimaldi and Asselar (p.291).

Boule and Vallois, note that "We know now that the ethnography of South African tribes presents many striking similarities with the ethnography of our populations of the Reindeer Age. Not to speak of their stone implements which, as we shall see later , exhibit great similarities, Peringuey has told us that in certain burials on the South African coast 'associated with the Aurignacian or Solutrean type industry...."(p.318-319). They add, that in relation to Bushman art " This almost uninterrupted series leads us to regard the African continent as a centre of important migrations which at certain times may have played a great part in the stocking of Southern Europe. Finally, we must not forget that the Grimaldi Negroid skeletons sho many points of resemblance with the Bushman skeletons". They bear no less a resemblance to that of the fossil Man discovered at Asslar in mid-Sahara, whose characters led us to class him with the Hottentot-Bushman group.

The Boule and Vallois research makes it clear that the Bushman expanded across Africa on into Europe via Spain as the Grimaldi people. This makes it clear that the Bushman/Khoisan people were not isolated in South Africa. The Khoisan people carry the haplogroup N. The Hadza are Bushman they carry haplogroup N.

“Specific mtDNA sites outside HVRI were also analyzed (by amplification, cloning, and sequencing of the surrounding region) to classify more precisely the ancient sequences within the phylogenetic network of present-time mtDNAs (35, 36). Paglicci-25 has the following motifs: +7,025 AluI, 00073A, 11719G, and 12308A. Therefore, this sequence belongs to either haplogroups HV or pre-HV, two haplogroups rare in general but with a comparatively high frequencies among today's Near-Easterners (35). Paglicci-12 shows the motifs 00073G, 10873C, 10238T, and AACC between nucleotide positions 10397 and 10400, which allows the classification of this sequence into the macrohaplogroupN,containing haplogroups W, X, I, N1a, N1b, N1c, and N*. Following the definition given in ref. 36, the presence of a single mutation in 16,223 within HRVI suggests a classification of Paglicci-12 into the haplogroup N*, which is observed today in several samples from the Near East and, at lower frequencies, in the Caucasus (35). It is difficult to say whether the apparent evolutionary relationship between Paglicci-25 and Paglicci-12 and those populations is more than a coincidence. Indeed, the haplogroups to which the Cro-Magnon type sequences appear to belong are rare among modern samples, and therefore their frequencies are poorly estimated. However, genetic affinities between the first anatomically modern Europeans and current populations of the Near East make sense in the light of the likely routes of Upper Paleolithic human expansions in Europe, as documented in the archaeological record (37)”.  http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/100/11/6593

During the Aurignacian period, the Cro magnon skeletons belong to the N haplogroup.

The Cro Magnon skeletons carried N1a,N1b,N1c and N*. It is characterized by motifs 00073G,10873C, 10238T and A4CC between nucleotide positions 10397 and 10400. Most of the skeletons carried hg N*.

It appears that the hg N was the most frequent mtDNA carried by Western European populations for over 20,000 years. This gene as discussed earlier is found primarily today outside Western Europe. The Cro Magnon people were mainly hunter-gathers.

Haak et al. found that the twenty-four samples included haplogroups H or V, T, K, J , N1a and U3. The frequency of N1a among ancient samples ranged from 8% to 42%.

Haak et al found that the first Neolithic farmers did not have a strong genetic influence on modern European female lineages. These researchers found that the farmers were predominately HG N1a. This is interesting because Brace et al found that the craniofacial features of these early European farmers and the Natufians plotted with Sub-Saharan groups, just like the Aurignacians. The existence of the hg N in western Europe from 24,000-7500 kya show continuity between the Pleistocene and Neolithic western Eurasians who carried hg N.

The Decipherment of Meroitic

I have deciphered all of the major Meroitic inscriptions. My articles on Meroitic have been published in many journals including the Meroitic Newsletter, which is a journal that publishes articles om Meroitic language.

C.A. Winters. (1984). "A note on Tokharian and Meroitic", Meroitic Newsletter, 23, 18-21.

__________. (1989). "Cheikh Anta Diop et le déchiffrement de l’écriture Méroïtique,"Revue

Martiniguaise de Sciences Humaines et de Litterature, No. 8, 149-152.

_________.(1998a). Meroitic Funerary text: Temple architecture and mortuary practices, InScription: Journal of Ancient Egypt,1 (1), 29-33.

_________.(1998a). Meroitic Funerary text: Stelae and funerary tables, InScription: Journal of Ancient Egypt,1 (2), 41-55.

___________ (1998c). The inscriptions of Tanyidamani. Nubica et Ethiopica IV \ V,355-388.'

Sorry I do not write or speak Arabic as well as I use too. Between 2004-2005 Dr. Osama Elnur, published several of my articles in ARKAMANI Sudan Electronic Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology. I do not know if the Arabic translation is fine because I can not read Arabic. These translations may  help you understand the vocabulary items I use to read Meroitic Inscriptions. If you want to discuss these terms I can only discuss them in English, as a result I provide the English and Dr. Elnur Arabic translations of my articles.

In 2004, my article MEROITIC EVIDENCE FOR A BLEMMY EMPIRE IN THE DODEKASCHOINS, was published by Osama Elnur in ARKAMANI Sudan Electronic Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology,  http://web.archive.org/web/20071012195029/http://www.arkamani.org/arkamani-library/meroitic/Kalabsha.htm    the paper was  Translated into Arabic by Osama Elnur see: http://web.archive.org/web/20071012193333/http://www.arkamani.org/meroitic_studies/kalabsha_arabic.htm

Osama Elnur also published my paper Meroitic Religion , in ARKAMANI  in both English and Arabic http://web.archive.org/web/20071012233613/http://www.arkamani.org/arkamani-library/meroitic/meroitic-religion.htm    Dr. Elnur also published the article in Arabic  http://web.archive.org/web/20071012192414/http://www.arkamani.org/cushitic_religion/meroitic-religion1.htm

Osama Elnur published my paper  , NATAKAMANI AND AMANITORE IN THE MEROITIC SUDAN, http://web.archive.org/web/20070927235146/http://www.arkamani.org/arkamani-library/meroitic/natakamani-and-amanitore.htm     Dr. Elnur also published this article in Arabic http://web.archive.org/web/20080331060540/http://www.arkamani.org:80/meroitic_studies/natakamani-and-amanitore.htm

BOOKS

Meroitic Language and Literature. 2013.

The Meroitic Chamber of Philae. 2018.

The Kushite Prince Akinidad. 2013.

Meroitic Relations with Tocharian and the Nile Valley Languages. 2019.

You can find many of my recent decipherments of Meroitic inscriptions on FaceBook:

https://www.facebook.com/groups/324865121323869/

https://www.facebook.com/groups/958111514245590/

70,000 Year Old Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic ‘green’ Sahara

Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic ‘green’ Sahara (2019). StefaniaVai 1, Stefania Sarno2, Martina Lari 1, Donata Luiselli3, Giorgio Manzi4, MarinaGallinaro 5, Safaa Mataich2, Alexander Hübner6, Alessandra Modi1, Elena Pilli1, MaryAnneTafuri4, DavidCaramelli1 & Savino di Lernia .  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39802-1.pdf




Abstract
Because Africa’s climate hampers DNA preservation, knowledge of its genetic variability is mainly restricted to modern samples, even though population genetics dynamics and back-migrations from Eurasia may have modifed haplotype frequencies, masking ancient genetic scenarios. Thanks to improved methodologies, ancient genetic data for the African continent are now increasingly available, starting to fll in the gap. Here we present newly obtained mitochondrial genomes from two ~7000-yearold individuals from Takarkori rockshelter, Libya, representing the earliest and frst genetic data for the Sahara region. These individuals carry a novel mutation motif linked to the haplogroup N root. Our result demonstrates the presence of an ancestral lineage of the N haplogroup in the Holocene “Green Sahara”, associated to a Middle Pastoral (Neolithic) context.

In 2010 I published " Origin and Spread of Haplogroup N" , Bioresearch Bulletin (2010) 4: 201-207. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259979779_Origin_and_Spread_of_Haplogroup_N   . In this article I explained that Haplogroup N, originated in Africa. Discovery of a African from the Sahara dating to 70,000 BC support my research

Nile Valley (Sudan) Temple

Raising Star in the Meroitic Facebook group,  has  found a very interesting  building. He wrote: “The old building with a sound painting is a confusing puzzle for the mind. It was built above a 6 M Limestone. This hill is a rock block from the sample of stones used to build pyramids . Building area about 1012 sqm .It is divided into four rooms each two rooms separate by a rocky passage. Each room is divided with a small reserve inside it separates it into two. Walls Height is about 10 meters.

 All the rocks around the building have been engraved in a circular form with letters and engravings as in the picture. Each stone was carved from the walls of the building. The walls of the building were painted from the inside with a thick layer similar to cement, but stronger as it was painted from the inside with brown and brown lines. The building has very short doors, put your back when you enter, and it doesn't have your doors, but small slots above the rooms near the broken roof.  “

I have looked at these inscriptions and see that they are Thinite writing or the Proto-Saharan script. The Proto-Saharan inscriptions indicate that the building was a  temple where the locals worshipped their gods.

 In this post I will discuss the inscriptions inside the building. The symbols inside each room is written in the Proto-Saharan/Thinite script. This writing was used by members of the Maa civilization. The Maa people later founded the River Valley civilizations of Egypt, Sumer, and the Indus Valley.

Each room in this temple appears to have been a  chapel  where people can go to pray or worship on their own. Each chapel appears to have a different inscription above the entrance.

The inscription above one of the chapel is a single sign. This sign is “Gyo”.  Gyo means “ [Place} Consecrated to the cult”. Consecrated to the divinity.

In Figure 4, we see one of the longest inscriptions.

Reading from right to left we read:

Ii gyo se

I lu yo le ga

I gyo fe gyo

Le

This means:

 “Thine in the company of a superior place consecrated to the divinity’.

Rest up right the spirit here to sprout zeal [for the divinity and cult].

This talisman loves the Divinity of the cult.

[Here is true] Existence”

In another chapel we find a banner that has fallen to the ground. The inscription is presented in Figure 1.

In the bottom inscription in finely carved Proto-Saharan script we read the following:

I ta gyo I gyo ka

“This place the locality of the cult Divinity. In the company of the mystic order [At]  this object [building] consecrated to the cult”.

In front of this inscription we find other signs that were engraved on the banner later. These signs we read as follows:

Yo gyo gba lu  lu I fe

“ The spirit of the cult Divinity [is here] in the strong habitation of the congregation, rest(ing) up right [here] Love [of the Divinity]”.

In conclusion, this building was a temple. Where believers could venerate their God(s). It would appear that the Believer could enter a room and pray/worship their God(s) as an individual or group.