The Solutreans were African

  

The archaeological and craniometric measurements show that the Solutreans were Africans, namely Bushmen or Khoisan. The Aurignacian civilization was founded by the Cro-Magnon people who originated in Africa. They took this culture to Western Europe across the Straits of Gibraltar. The Cro-Magnon people were probably Bushman/Khoi.

There have been numerous "Negroid skeletons" found in Europe. Marcellin Boule and Henri Vallois, in Fossil Man, provide an entire chapter on the Africans/Negroes of Europe Anta Diop also discussed the Negroes of Europe in Civilization or Barbarism, pp.25-68. Also W.E. B. DuBois, discussed these Negroes in the The World and Africa, pp.86-89. DuBois noted that "There was once a an "uninterrupted belt' of Negro culture from Central Europe to South Africa" (p.88).

Many researchers have recognized that the Solutrean culture of Iberia probably originated in Africa(Burkitt, 2012; Childe, 2001; Debenath et al.,1986; Debenath and Dibble, 1994; Tiffagom, 2007). It is the mainstream view of Spanish prehistorians that the Solutrean culture originated in Africa (Pericot,1950). Boule and Vallois (1957) noted that ancient tool kits found in South African burials along the coast are associated with the Solutrean industry. Pericot (1950, 1955) believed that the tanged points at the Parpallo site of the Solutrean were of Aterian cultural origin. Burkitt (2012) said that there were Algerian tools similar to the Solutrean tool kit. Gordon Childe (2009) claimed that the North African and Spanish populations that used the Solutrean tools were in direct communication. By the 1960’s, though, Smith (54) was able to reject the hypothesis of an African origin for the Solutrean culture.

Boule and Vallois in , Fossil Men : elements of human palaeontology, noted that "We know now that the ethnography of South African tribes presents many striking similarities with the ethnography of our populations of the Reindeer Age. Not to speak of their stone implements which, as we shall see later , exhibit great similarities, Peringuey has told us that in certain burials on the South African coast 'associated with the Aurignacian or Solutrean type industry...."(p.318-319). They add, that in relation to Bushman art " This almost uninterrupted series leads us to regard the African continent as a centre of important migrations which at certain times may have played a great part in the stocking of Southern Europe.

 Finally, we must not forget that the Grimaldi Negroid skeletons sho many points of resemblance with the Bushman skeletons". They bear no less a resemblance to that of the fossil Man discovered at Asslar in mid-Sahara, whose characters led us to class him with the Hottentot-Bushman group.

Reference:

Clyde Winters, THE PALEOAMERICANS CAME FROM AFRICA , International Journal of Innovative Research and Review , Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jirr.htm 2015 Vol. 3 (3) July-September, pp.71-83/Winters Research Article © Copyright 2014 | Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 71 *

https://www.academia.edu/17137182/THE_PALEOAMERICANS_CAME_FROM_AFRICA

Paleoamericans are not related to mongoloid Native Americans

The Paleoamericans were not modern mongoloid Native Americans. Taubadel, Strauss Hubbe (2017) noted that , “The MDS results confirm previous observations regarding the generalized affinities of the Lagoa Santa crania and their differences from East Asian and other Native American populations (18, 20, 24, 26, 42, 44). Mantel tests (45) confirmed that the overall among-population affinity patterns displayed by all four cranial data sets were significantly and positively correlated (P = 0.001)”. 

As a result, the authors note that, “It is also worth noting that, although our results are consistent with the high levels of within-continent diversity noted previously, Lagoa Santa crania were not found to be outliers to contemporary modern human cranial variation. That is, their morphological variability falls within that observed among modern human populations, yet their overall morphology cannot be accounted for by a null hypothesis of shared common ancestry with all subarctic Native Americans. “ 


These authors support the OOA event. They claim that the ancestors of the Australians came from Africa. Taubadel,Strauss,Hubbe (2017) observed that “ There is mounting genetic and morphological evidence for at least two major waves of dispersal into Asia from Africa, with Australomelanesians representing modern descendants of the earlier migration (52, 53)…. Earlier (Paleo)siberian populations would have shared greater genetic affinity with Australasians further south as an outcome of their shared out-of-Africa dispersal history. However, as time progressed, further dispersal from Africa along with differentiation and gene flow within Asia would have altered the genetic signature of the northeast Asian source populations that gave rise to later Paleoeskimo and (possibly) other Native American populations “.

 In conclusion the Taubadel, Strauss, Hubbe (2017) concluded that “The earliest (Paleoamerican) migrants were morphologically distinct from later groups, although structured gene flow among the descendants of Paleoamericans and later populations may have contributed to their assimilation in the late Holocene. “.


Reference
Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel, André Strauss, and Mark Hubbe. (2017). Evolutionary population history of early Paleoamerican cranial morphology. Science Advances (22 Feb 2017), Vol. 3, no. 2, http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/2/e1602289.full

Are the Australians Archaic Humans

Europeans make the claim the archaics are not humans, but the physical features of Australians are archaic. I am talking about, Rhodesia man, and Neanderthals. The only difference between modern Africans/Negroes and Archaic are Australoid brows that are sloping and with prominent ridges.If,Australians are human beings, the Neanderthals were humans too. Boule and Vollois in Fossil Man, noted that:

 But I will not argue this point, because it is common sense. Eurocentrists prefer you lose common sense an accept the lies they teach us as true. A luta continua...The struggle continues....

Paleoamericans are not related to mongoloid Native Americans

The Paleoamericans were not modern mongoloid Native Americans. Taubadel, Strauss Hubbe (2017) noted that , “The MDS results confirm previous observations regarding the generalized affinities of the Lagoa Santa crania and their differences from East Asian and other Native American populations (18, 20, 24, 26, 42, 44). Mantel tests (45) confirmed that the overall among-population affinity patterns displayed by all four cranial data sets were significantly and positively correlated (P = 0.001)”. As a result, the authors note that, “It is also worth noting that, although our results are consistent with the high levels of within-continent diversity noted previously, Lagoa Santa crania were not found to be outliers to contemporary modern human cranial variation. That is, their morphological variability falls within that observed among modern human populations, yet their overall morphology cannot be accounted for by a null hypothesis of shared common ancestry with all subarctic Native Americans. “  

      

These authors support the OOA event. They claim that the ancestors of the Australians came from Africa. Taubadel,Strauss,Hubbe (2017) observed that  “ There is mounting genetic and morphological evidence for at least two major waves of dispersal into Asia from Africa, with Australomelanesians representing modern descendants of the earlier migration (52, 53)…. Earlier (Paleo)siberian populations would have shared greater genetic affinity with Australasians further south as an outcome of their shared out-of-Africa dispersal history. However, as time progressed, further dispersal from Africa along with differentiation and gene flow within Asia would have altered the genetic signature of the northeast Asian source populations that gave rise to later Paleoeskimo and (possibly) other Native American populations “. 

In conclusion the Taubadel, Strauss, Hubbe (2017) concluded that “The earliest (Paleoamerican) migrants were morphologically distinct from later groups, although structured gene flow among the descendants of Paleoamericans and later populations may have contributed to their assimilation in the late Holocene. “.

Reference

Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel, André Strauss, and Mark Hubbe. (2017). Evolutionary population history of early Paleoamerican cranial morphology. Science Advances  (22 Feb 2017), Vol. 3, no. 2, http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/2/e1602289.full

No L3(M,N) Back migration took Place

Vicente M. Cabrera, Patricia Marrero, Khaled K. Abu-Amero and Jose M. Larruga, Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago, BMC Evolutionary Biology201818:98, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1211-4

Cabrera et al (2018) argue that Africans migrated out of Africa earlier than 60,000 years ago, and Eurasians introduced  mtDNA L3 (M,N) as the result of a back migration to Africa 70,000 years ago because this is the statistical coalescence age of haplogroup L3. This hypothesis lacks congruence for two reasons, 1) there is no archaeological evidence of a back migration from Eurasia to Africa; and 2) West Eurasia , was dominated by Neanderthals up until 44,000 BC when anatomically modern humans entered West Eurasia via Iberia.

The archaeological evidence makes it clear that AMH were in California, China, the Levant and the Mediterranean Islands 130-100,000 years ago (kya) (1). The fossil record indicates that mastodon were being butchered in California 130kya, and AMH were on Crete (1). Human teeth have been found in China dating between 120-80kya (3). In the Levant skeletal remains have been found in Skhul and Qafzeh caves dating between 125 kya (2). In addition there is the presence of lithic assemblages in Arabia Peninsula dating to the Middle Stone Age (MSA) around 125-75 kya (4).

Just because AMH had expanded out of Africa 100kya does not mean that they were not Africans.

 In fact these early AMH migrants in Eurasia, continued to practice their African culture. For example,  Trenton W. Holliday, tested the hypothesis that if modern Africans had dispersed into the Levant from Africa, "tropically adapted hominids" would be represented in the archaeological history of the Levant, especially in relation to the Qafzeh-Skhul hominids(5).  Dr. Holliday noted that "In this light, some of the more robust assignments (albeit not 95% of the Qafzeh-Skhul hominids to the sub-Saharan African sample (e.g., Qafzeh 8 at 85%, Skhul 4 at 71%) are remarkable indeed" (p. 62).

 The skeletal remains from  Qafzeh-Skhul  (20,000-10,000),were assigned to the Sub-Saharan population, along with the  Natufians samples (4000 BP) (5). Holliday also found African fauna in the area (5).

In Summary, Holiday observed that “ "The current study demonstrates African-like affinities in the body shape of the Qafzeh-Skhul (QS) hominids. This finding is consistent with craniofacial evidence (Brace 1996) and with zooarchaeological data indicating the presence of African fauna at Qafzeh (Rabinovich and Tchernov 1995; Tchernov 1988, 1992)" (p.64). “

The fauna and zooarchaeological remains from QS, indicate the hominids here exploited African fauna (5). Holliday (5) claims the QS people were Proto-Cro-Magnons, because they were similar in dental and craniological size to the Aurignacian hominids (5,10). Except for the AMH at QS, the vast majority of hominids in the Levant were Neanderthal. Neanderthal remained supreme in Eurasia until 34kya.

The discovery of Sub-Saharan skeletons, flora, fauna in the Levant indicates that there was continuity between the original African migrants out of Africa and people in the Levant up to 4000BP. This archaeological, indicates that there was continual migration of Africans into Eurasia, not vice versa.

Thusly, when Cabrera et al  argues that “With these data at hand, we assess the possibility of the following scenario: L3 exited from Africa as a pre-L3 lineage that evolved as basal L3 in inner Asia. From there, it expanded, returning to Africa as well as expanding to southeastern Asia, giving rise to the African L3 branches in eastern Africa and the M and N L3 Eurasian branches in southeastern Asia, respectively” (6).

This argument fails because the Neanderthal occupied Eurasia up to 44kya(7-10) when Cro-Magnon Africans crossed from Africa into Iberia. As a result, there was no where in Eurasia for L3(M,N) to originate and disseminate back to Africa because there was sustained African presence in the Levant as indicated by the African skeletons, flora and fauna (6).

References

1.Winters, C.  DID MANKIND FIRST EXIT AFRICA 100,000 YEARS AGO?, Ancient Origins, 2017. https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-important-events/did-mankind-first-exit-africa-100000-years-ago-008149

2.Shea JJ, Bar-Yosef O. Who Were The Skhul/Qafzeh People? An Archaeological Perspective on Eurasia’s Oldest Modern Humans. J Isr Prehistoric Soc. 2005;35:451-468.

3.Liu W, Martinón-Torres M, Cai Y, Xing S, Tong H, Pei S, Sier MJ, Wu X, Edwards RL, Cheng H, et al. The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China. Nature. 2015;

4.Armitage SJ, Jasim SA, Marks AE, Parker AG, Usik VI, Uerpmann H-P. The southern route “out of Africa”: evidence for an early expansion of modern humans into Arabia. Science. 2011;331:453–6.

5. Holiday, T. (2000). Evolution at the Crossroads: Modern Human Emergence in Western Asia, American Anthropologist,102(1) .

6. Cabrera V M, Patricia Marrero, Khaled K. Abu-Amero and Jose M. Larruga, Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago, BMC Evolutionary Biology201818:98, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1211-4

7. Winters, C. (2008). Aurignacian Culture: Evidence of Western Exit for Anatomically Modern Humans. South Asian Anthropologist, 8, 79-81.

8.Winters, C. (2010). Origin and Spread of the Haplogroup N. Bioresearch Bulletin, 3, 116-122.

9.Winters, C. (2011). The Gibraltar out of Africa Exit for Anatomically Modern Humans. WebmedCentral BIOLOGY, 2, Article ID: WMC002311. http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/2311

10. Winters, C. (2014). Were the First Europeans Pale or Dark Skinned?. Advances in Anthropology, 4, 124-132. http://file.scirp.org/pdf/AA_2014081417215651.pdf