The Chola were Telugu from Kushadvipa or Nubia. The Purana
and Pali text make it clear the Chola were Kushites from Africa. The Dravidians
lived in ancient Africa. It appears that the Tamil belonged to the Nhsj
(Nehesy) tribes and, the Telugu and Kannada belonged to the Thnw (Tehenu)
tribe. These people were called ḫЗš (Kushites) or ḫЗšt (Khasut) by the ancient
Egyptians.
First mention of ḫЗšt=Kush/ Khasut, goes back to Narmer the first ruler of
Egypt. Narmer was one the first ruler to expand the Kushites into the Levant
and Anatolia. Narmer is attested in Egypt and Canaan. Many serekhs of Narmer
have been found Tel Erani, Arad, 'En Besor, Halif Terrace/Nahal Tillah .
We know that Narmer was probably a Kushite because of a Clay bulla (reg. no.
G-67.95, Locus 102, B. 1308) from Nahal Tillah (Levy,1997). The inscriptions on
the Clay bulla can be read as ḫЗts.t Kush, ḫ3s.tj "he who belongs to
Kush" or Kushite.
The Rig Veda (RV) provides considerable information on the Kushites of Nubia
and Anatolia. The Dravidian speakers belonged to the Kushite Confederation. The
term Kushite was a generic term for the tribes that belonged to the
Confederation.
Dr.Srinivasan notes that Nile Valley Kush was called Kušadvipa or Kush in the
Puranas and Kuš-Nila in Pali texts. The Puranas and Pali are the names given to
ancient Vedic/Indian text.
In the Puranas Kuša was southern Nubia or upper Kush. In the Purana northern
Nubia or lower Kush was called Krouñcha (see Page 2).
The main urban center in Kuša , was Kaši. Kaši (see page 2) was described as a
great city in Pali and Purana text.
The inhabitants of the Fezzan were round headed Africans. (Jelinek, 1985,p.273)
The cultural characteristics of the Fezzanese were analogous to C-Group culture
items and the people of Ta-Seti . The C-Group people occupied the Sudan and
Fezzan regions between 3700-1300 BC (Jelinek 1985).
The inhabitants of Libya were called Tmhw (Temehus). The Temehus were organized
into two groups the Thnw (Tehenu) in the North and the Nhsj (Nehesy) in the
South. (Diop 1986) A Tehenu personage is depicted on Amratian period pottery
(Farid 1985 ,p. 84).
The Tehenu wore pointed beard, phallic-sheath and feathers on their head. The
Tamil belonged to the Nhsj (Nehesy) , and the Telugu and Kannada belonged to
the Tehenu Confederation.
In the Puranas and Pali text Nhšy, corresponds to Mandaean Nahas, the name for
the undersorld abode of the serpent Ur, the metaphoric name for Nubia (see page
2)
.
A major Kushite nation and tribe were the Wawat. The Egyptian semivowels change
into Sankrit /y/ or /v/. Srinivasan believes that Yayaati (/ Vayati) was the
name for Wawat.
We also find in the Puranas, the a tribe named Vaša or Vaasishtha. The Vaša
tribe corresponds to the Wase/ Waset tribe/nation (/w/ = /v/). Srinivasan
according to Srinivasan was the name for Thebes. It was also the name for the
Nehesy: Waset tribe.
In the myth of Višvaamitra they lived on the otherside of Sarasuati. The
alternate name for Višvaamitra was Kušika or Kuša
In the Puranas we see the Name Draavira. The Dravira was the Purana name for
the Tamil.
There is mention of Nahuša, which correspond to the 15th Dynasty King Nhšy. In addition, Telugu and Egyptians share many terms.
The RV King named Divadoasa “servant of Diva” . In the Mahabbarata, Divodaase
.was an ancientr King of Kaaši and Puranic Kaaši or Nubia.
The heqa khasut, "ruler(s) of the Kushites" or Hyksos/ Hykussos, were
Hattians or Kashkas. in otherwords they were Kushites. This is obvious in their
name khasut which corresponds to Kaska. The name heqa khasut , was first used
by the Old Kingdom to refer to the Kushite Nubian chieftains. That is why the
Hyksos / Hykussos expected the Kushites in Nubia to support them in their war
with the Egyptians.
During the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (2563-2423), namely during the reign of
Sahure there is mention of the Tehenu people. Sahure referred to the Tehenu
leader “Hati Tehenu” . These Hatiu, correspond to the Hatti speaking people of
Anatolia. The Hatti/Hurrian people often referred to themselves as Kashkas or
Kaskas.
During the Old Kingdom the Kushites were also called heqa khasut. The term Heqa
Khasut was used for the Kings of Nile Valley Kushites and the Hyksos. The term
Heqa Khasute appears in line 46 of the Weni inscription.
Heqa Khasut also appears in the Epic Puranas as Ikshvaku < Heqa Khasut. The
Ikshvaku were seen as evil. The Ikshvaku worshiped Seth.
The Nhsj (Nehesy) or C-Group people began to settle Kush around 2200 BC. The
kings of Kush had their capital at Kerma, in Dongola and a sedentary center on
Sai Island. The same pottery found at Kerma is also present in Libya especially
the Fezzan.
The C-Group founded the Kerma dynasty of Kush. Diop (1986, p.72)
noted that the "earliest substratum of the Libyan population was a black
population from the south Sahara". Kerma was first inhabited in the 4th
millennium BC (Bonnet 1986). By the 2nd millennium BC Kushites at Kerma were
already worshippers of Amon/Amun and they used a distinctive black-and-red ware
(Bonnet 1986; Winters 1985b,1991). Amon, later became a major god of the
Egyptians during the 18th Dynasty.
In the ancient literature the Proto Dravidians are called Kushites. Using boats
the Kushites moved down ancient waterways many now dried up, to establish new
towns in Asia and Europe after 3500 BC. The Kushites remained supreme around
the world until 1400 1200 BC.
Proto Saharans/Kushites expanded into Inner Asia from two primary points of
dispersal : Iran and Anatolia. In Anatolia the Kushites were called Hattians
and Kaska. In the 2nd millennium BC, the north and east of Anatolia was
inhabited by non I E speakers.
Anatolia was divided into two lands “the land of Kanis” and the “land of
Hatti”. The Hatti were related to the Kaska people who lived in the Pontic
mountains.
Hattians lived in Anatolia. They worshipped Kasku and Kusuh. They were
especially prominent in the Pontic mountains. Their sister nation in the Halys
Basin were the Kaska tribes. The Kaska and Hattians share the same names for
gods, along with personal and place names (1). The Kaska had a strong empire
which was never defeated by the Hittites.
Singer (1981) has suggested that the Kaska, are remnants of the indigenous
Hattian population which was forced northward by the Hittites. But at least as
late as 1800 BC, Anatolia was basically settled by Hattians (2)
Anatolia was occupied by many Kushite groups,including the
Kashkas and or Hatti. The Hatti , like the Dravidian speaking people were
probably related . The Hatti were probably members of the Tehenu tribes.
The Tehenu was composed of various ethnic groups. One of the Tehenu tribes was
identified by the Egyptians as the Hatiu or Haltiu.
During the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (2563-2423), namely during the reign of
Sahure there is mention of the Tehenu people. Sahure referred to the Tehenu
leader “Hati Tehenu” .(3) These Hatiu, may correspond to the Hatti speaking
people of Anatolia. The Hatti people often referred to themselves as Kashkas or
Kaskas.
The Hatti controlled the city state of Kussara. Kussara was situated in
southern Anatolia.
The earliest known ruler of Kussara was Pitkhanas. It was his son Anitta (c.
1790-1750 BC) who expanded the Kussara empire through much of Anatolia.
An important group in Anantolia in addition to the Hatti, were the Hurrians.
The Hurrians enter Mesopotamia from the northeastern hilly area . They
introduced horse-drawn war chariots to Mesopotamia .
Hurrians penetrate Mesopotamia and Syria-Palestine between 1700-1500 BC. The
major Hurrian Kingdom was Mitanni , which was founded by Sudarna I (c.1550),
was established at Washukanni on the Khabur River . The Hurrian capital was
Urkesh, one of its earliest kings was called Tupkish.
Linguistic and historical evidence support the view that Dravidians influenced
Mittanni and Lycia . (Winters 1989a) Alain Anselin is sure that Dravidian
speaking peoples once inhabited the Aegean . For example Anselin (1982,
pp.111-114) has discussed many Dravidian place names found in the Aegean Sea
area.
Two major groups in ancient Anatolia were the Hurrians and Lycians. Although
the Hurrians are considered to be Indo-European speakers, the Hurrians probably
spoke a Dravidian language.
The Hurrians lived in Mittanni. Mittanni was situated on the great bend of the
Upper Euphrates river. Hurrian was spoken in eastern Anatolia and North Syria
.
Srinivasan claims the Hurrian tribe was mentioned in the R V, called Hastuk
‘elephant herd’. The individual Hurrian was called Hasti. Srinivasan made it
clear that Hasti corresponds to Egyptian (Hšty) Hštyw (Ta Seti).
The Elamites spoke a Mande language. The RV claimed that the father of the
Hurrians or Hastuk was the Elamite King Kudur-Mubak. The Mande and Dravidian
speakers usually migrated together into various parts of Eurasia.
Most of what we know about Hurrian comes from the Tel
al-Armarna letters. These letters were written to the Egyptian pharaoh. These
letters are important because they were written in a language different from
diplomatic Babylonian.
The letters written in the unknown language were numbered 22 and 25. In 1909
Bork, in Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatische Gesellschaft, wrote a translation of
the letters.
In 1930, G.W. Brown proposed that the words in letters 22 and 25 were Dravidian
especially Tamil. Brown (1930), has shown that the vowels and consonants of
Hurrian and Dravidian are analogous. In support of this theory Brown (1930)
noted the following similarities between Dravidian and Hurrian: 1) presence of
a fullness of forms employed by both languages; 2) presence of active and
passive verbal forms are not distinguished; 3) presence of verbal forms that
are formed by particles; 4) presence of true relative pronouns is not found in
these languages; 5) both languages employ negative verbal forms; 6) identical
use of -m, as nominative; 7) similar pronouns; and 8) similar ending
formations:
§ Dravidian Hurrian
a a
-kku -ikka
imbu impu
There are analogous Dravidian and Hurrian terms:
English Hurrian Dravidian
mountain paba parampu
lady,woman aallay ali
King Sarr,zarr Ca, cira
god en en
give tan tara
to rule irn ire
father attai attan
Asoka Prakrit inscriptions mention several Dravidian tribes
including Cholas, Seraa (Tamil), Keras (Keraalputra ) , Pandya, Cheras and
Satyaputra. The Cholas were Telugu speakers.The Chola were related to the Naga.
The Naga were suppose to have lived in Naagaloka, in the Underworld. Srinivasan
believes the Purana underworld: Nagaloka was located in upper Nubia.
The Chola Kings in the Puranas were called Ikshvaakuš or Heqa Khasut like the
Nehesy kings of the Nile Valley.
Ikshvaa Kuš
Heqa ḫЗšt (Khasut)
The Chola came to India with a great knowledge of war strategy, charioteering,
ship building and navigation.
The Chola are related to the Naga. This is evident in the story of the romance
between the Chola and Naga princess. Srinivasan wrote “In both [legends] the
son of their union came from Naagaloka in Paataal was a real country of Upper
Nubia, the myths point to a connection of the Chola with Nubia. To realize some
important points of similarities the Cholas and the great Napatan Kingdom of
Nubia…”.
The royal title of the Cholas was Qore/Kora/Chora. Among the Tamils Chola is
pronounced with a /r/. As a result, in Prakrit inscription Cholas is written as
Soraa and Koraa. Srinivasan suggested that the Qore “Korites” of the Bible ( 1
Chronicles 26:1), may be the same people.
A coastal region of East India was called Coromandel / Koramandal ‘domain of
Koraa” . Koraa is a dynastic name for the Cholas (See page 3).
The royal insignia of the Cholas was snakes. Twin serpents was a popular symbol
of royalty among the Napatan Kings.
The Napatan Kushite double crown was worn by the rulers of Kerma. It was called
the Double Wadjet Crown. This Wadjet crown was worn by Taharqa.
In summary the Telugu speakers belonged to the Tehenu and
Nehesy tribes of Nubia, or Kush in the Nile Valley. The Telugu and Egyptian
languages share many terms because the Chola came from Kaši or Kush, which was
called Kušadvipa. They migrated into Anatolia and formed several city states
including the Hurrian/Mitanni and Kassite states and were members of the Hatti
Confederation.
The major Telugu state in India was Chola. In the Puranas the Chola were also
called Kora/Chora /Qore. The Chola who came to India by land and sea settled on
the Coromande coast. It takes it’s name from the word Koraa, one of the names
for the Chola Dynasty.
Ancient Telugu continued in India to refer to themselves as Heqa Khasut or
IkshvaaKuš. The royal insignia for the Chola were two snakes. The two snakes as
a symbol of royalty goes back to the Napatan Kings of Kush (Nubia) who wore the
Double Wadjet crown.
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