Vicente M. Cabrera, Patricia Marrero, Khaled K. Abu-Amero
and Jose M. Larruga, Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal
lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago, BMC
Evolutionary Biology201818:98, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1211-4
Cabrera et al (2018) argue that Africans migrated out of
Africa earlier than 60,000 years ago, and Eurasians introduced mtDNA L3 (M,N) as the result of a back
migration to Africa 70,000 years ago because this is the statistical
coalescence age of haplogroup L3. This hypothesis lacks congruence for two
reasons, 1) there is no archaeological evidence of a back migration from
Eurasia to Africa; and 2) West Eurasia , was dominated by Neanderthals up until
44,000 BC when anatomically modern humans entered West Eurasia via Iberia.
The archaeological evidence makes it clear that AMH were in
California, China, the Levant and the Mediterranean Islands 130-100,000 years
ago (kya) (1). The fossil record indicates that mastodon were being butchered
in California 130kya, and AMH were on Crete (1). Human teeth have been found in
China dating between 120-80kya (3). In the Levant skeletal remains have been
found in Skhul and Qafzeh caves dating between 125 kya (2). In addition there is
the presence of lithic assemblages in Arabia Peninsula dating to the Middle
Stone Age (MSA) around 125-75 kya (4).
Just because AMH had expanded out of Africa 100kya does not
mean that they were not Africans.
In fact these early AMH migrants in Eurasia,
continued to practice their African culture. For example, Trenton W. Holliday, tested the hypothesis
that if modern Africans had dispersed into the Levant from Africa,
"tropically adapted hominids" would be represented in the
archaeological history of the Levant, especially in relation to the
Qafzeh-Skhul hominids(5). Dr. Holliday
noted that "In this light, some of the more robust assignments (albeit not
95% of the Qafzeh-Skhul hominids to the sub-Saharan African sample (e.g.,
Qafzeh 8 at 85%, Skhul 4 at 71%) are remarkable indeed" (p. 62).
The skeletal remains
from Qafzeh-Skhul (20,000-10,000),were assigned to the
Sub-Saharan population, along with the
Natufians samples (4000 BP) (5). Holliday also found African fauna in
the area (5).
In Summary, Holiday observed that “ "The current study
demonstrates African-like affinities in the body shape of the Qafzeh-Skhul (QS)
hominids. This finding is consistent with craniofacial evidence (Brace 1996)
and with zooarchaeological data indicating the presence of African fauna at
Qafzeh (Rabinovich and Tchernov 1995; Tchernov 1988, 1992)" (p.64). “
The fauna and zooarchaeological remains from QS, indicate
the hominids here exploited African fauna (5). Holliday (5) claims the QS
people were Proto-Cro-Magnons, because they were similar in dental and
craniological size to the Aurignacian hominids (5,10). Except for the AMH at QS,
the vast majority of hominids in the Levant were Neanderthal. Neanderthal remained supreme in Eurasia until 34kya.
The discovery of Sub-Saharan skeletons, flora, fauna in the
Levant indicates that there was continuity between the original African
migrants out of Africa and people in the Levant up to 4000BP. This
archaeological, indicates that there was continual migration of Africans into
Eurasia, not vice versa.
Thusly, when Cabrera et al
argues that “With these data at hand, we assess the possibility of the
following scenario: L3 exited from Africa as a pre-L3 lineage that evolved as
basal L3 in inner Asia. From there, it expanded, returning to Africa as well as
expanding to southeastern Asia, giving rise to the African L3 branches in
eastern Africa and the M and N L3 Eurasian branches in southeastern Asia,
respectively” (6).
This argument fails because the Neanderthal occupied Eurasia
up to 44kya(7-10) when Cro-Magnon Africans crossed from Africa into Iberia. As
a result, there was no where in Eurasia for L3(M,N) to originate and
disseminate back to Africa because there was sustained African presence in the
Levant as indicated by the African skeletons, flora and fauna (6).
References
1.Winters, C. DID
MANKIND FIRST EXIT AFRICA 100,000 YEARS AGO?, Ancient Origins, 2017. https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-important-events/did-mankind-first-exit-africa-100000-years-ago-008149
2.Shea JJ, Bar-Yosef O. Who Were The Skhul/Qafzeh People? An
Archaeological Perspective on Eurasia’s Oldest Modern Humans. J Isr Prehistoric
Soc. 2005;35:451-468.
3.Liu W, Martinón-Torres M, Cai Y, Xing S, Tong H, Pei S,
Sier MJ, Wu X, Edwards RL, Cheng H, et al. The earliest unequivocally modern
humans in southern China. Nature. 2015;
4.Armitage SJ, Jasim SA, Marks AE, Parker AG, Usik VI,
Uerpmann H-P. The southern route “out of Africa”: evidence for an early expansion
of modern humans into Arabia. Science. 2011;331:453–6.
5. Holiday, T. (2000). Evolution at the Crossroads: Modern
Human Emergence in Western Asia, American Anthropologist,102(1) .
6. Cabrera V M, Patricia Marrero, Khaled K. Abu-Amero and
Jose M. Larruga, Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal
lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago, BMC
Evolutionary Biology201818:98, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1211-4
7. Winters, C. (2008). Aurignacian Culture: Evidence of
Western Exit for Anatomically Modern Humans. South Asian Anthropologist, 8,
79-81.
8.Winters, C. (2010). Origin and Spread of the Haplogroup N.
Bioresearch Bulletin, 3, 116-122.
9.Winters, C. (2011). The Gibraltar out of Africa Exit for
Anatomically Modern Humans. WebmedCentral BIOLOGY, 2, Article ID: WMC002311. http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/2311
10. Winters, C. (2014). Were the First Europeans Pale or
Dark Skinned?. Advances in Anthropology, 4, 124-132. http://file.scirp.org/pdf/AA_2014081417215651.pdf
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